Intercropping Under Rice-Based Cropping System: An Experimental Study on Productivity and Profitability
©2013
Textbook
143 Pages
Summary
Rice farmers are mostly involved in monoculture practices. This deprives the land for growing other food crops. Hence, a better alternative of mono/sole cropping is required to overcome this shortcoming. Therefore, a shift from mono cropping to inter/multiple cropping as an excellent strategy for intensifying land use and increasing income and production per unit area and time is appreciated. Production efficiency, economic efficiency and employment generation efficiency of any diversified system is a direct measure of its preferability. Keeping this view in mind, this study deals with the production potential and economic viability of different rabi intercropping in rabi cereal, legume, oilseeds and spices to identify the suitable/remunerative rice (Oryza sativa L.) based cropping systems.
Excerpt
Table Of Contents
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE
No.
3.13.1.4
Leaf area index (LAI)
46
3.14 Weed
studies
46
3.14.1
Weed density
47
3.14.2
Dry weight of weeds
47
3.15
Post harvest observations
47
3.15.1 Yield
components
47
3.15.1.1 Panicles
plant
-1
47
3.15.1.2 Grains
panicle
-1
47
3.15.1.3
Panicle length (cm)
47
3.15.1.4 Test
weight
(g)
48
3.15.2
Biomass production
48
3.15.3
Grain yield (q ha
-1
) 48
3.15.4 Straw
yield
(q
ha
-1
)
48
3.15.5
Harvest index (%)
48
3.15.6
Wheat equivalent yield (kg ha
-1
)
48
3.16 Chemical
analysis
49
3.16.1
Organic carbon content
49
3.16.2 Available
nitrogen
49
3.16.3 Available
phosphorus
49
3.16.4 Available
potassium
49
3.17 Economic
analysis
49
3.18 System
analysis
50
3.18.1
Productivity efficiency (PE)
50
3.18.2 Economic
efficiency
50
3.18.3
Relative productivity efficiency (RPE) and
relative economic efficiency (REE)
50
3.18.4
Irrigation water use efficiency
51
3.18.5 Employment
generation
efficiency
51
3.19 Energetics
51
CHAPTER PARTICULARS
PAGE
No.
3.20 Satistical
analysis
52
IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
53 - 83
4.1
Studies in rice
53
4.1.1
Plant population and plant height of rice
53
4.1.2
Dry matter accumulation of rice (g plant -1)
56
4.1.3
Leaf area index of rice
57
4.1.4
Yield attributing characters of rice (Number of
panicles plant -1)
60
4.1.5
Grain and straw yield (q ha-1) and harvest
index (%) of rice
61
4.1.6
Weed studies in rice
64
4.1.7
Available nutrient status at kharif harvest
64
4.1.8 Economics
of
rice
66
4.2
Studies in rabi crops
67
4.2.1
Grain yield in terms of wheat equivalent yield
68
4.2.2
Weed dynamics in rabi crops
69
4.2.3
Available nutrient status at rabi harvest
71
4.2.4 Economics
of
rabi
crops
72
4.3
Total productivity and system Analysis
74
4.3.1
Total productivity in terms of WEY
74
4.3.2
Economics of the system
75
4.3.3
Production efficiency and economic efficiency
79
4.3.4
Relative productivity efficiency and relative
economic efficiency
80
4.3.5 Employment
generation
efficiency
80
4.3.6
Irrigation water use efficiency and irrigation
water requirement
82
4.3.7 Energetics
83
V.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE
RESEARCH WORK
84 - 94
ABSTRACT
95
-
96
REFERENCES
97 - 107
APPENDICES
108
-
118
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
No. PARTICULARS PAGE
No.
3.1
Physico-chemical properties of the
experimental site.
36
3.2
Treatment details of experiment.
38
3.3.
Details of original experiment.
38
3.4
Experimental details of fertilizer doses,
sowing and harvesting dates.
42
3.5
Schedule of different cultural operation during
kharif and rabi season.
44 - 45
4.1
Plant population of three rice varieties as
affected by different cropping systems
54
4.2
Plant height (cm) of rice varieties as affected
by different cropping systems
55
4.3
Dry matter accumulation plant
-1
of three rice
verities as affected by different cropping
systems.
56
4.4
Leaf area index (LAI ) of three rice varieties
as affected by different cropping system.
58
4.5
Yield attributing characters of three rice
varieties as effected by different cropping
systems.
60
4.6
Grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index of
three rice varieties as affected by different
cropping systems.
62
4.7
Total weed population and weed dry weight of
weeds as affected by different cropping
systems
63
4.8
Effect of different cropping systems on
organic carbon and available NPK content in
soil at the time of kharif harvest.
65
4.9
Cost of cultivation, net return and benefit: cost
ratio of rice as affected by different cropping
systems.
67
4.10
Grain yield and wheat equivalent yield of rabi
crops as influenced by different cropping
systems.
69
i
TABLE No.
PARTICULARS
PAGES No.
4.11
Total weed population and dry matter of rabi
season weeds as affected by different
cropping systems.
70
4.12
Available N, P and K and organic carbon
(OC) content of soil after rabi harvest as
affected by different cropping systems.
72
4.13
Cost of cultivation, net return and B:C ratio
of rabi crops as influenced by different
cropping systems.
73
4.14
Total Productivity (TP) of the system in terms
of wheat equivalent yield (WEY), total cost
of cultivation, total net return and benefit:
cost ratio of different rice-based cropping
systems.
76
4.15
Production efficiency, economic efficiency,
relative productivity efficiency and relative
economic efficiency as affected by different
cropping systems.
77
4.16
Employment generation efficiency, no. of
labour employed, irrigation water use
efficiency and irrigation water requirement as
affected by different cropping systems.
81
4.17
Total energy input, output, input: output ratio
and energy use efficiency of different rice
based cropping systems.
83
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE No.
PARTICULARS
PAGES IN
BETWEEN
3.1
Weekly meteorological data during crop
growth period (From July 01, 2009 to
March 30, 2010)
34
3.2
The layout plan and other details of
experiment
37
4.1
Leaf area index of three rice varieties as
affected by different cropping systems.
59
4.2
Grain yield of rice, rabi crops and total
productivity of the system in terms of wheat
equivalent yield (WEY) as affected by
different cropping systems
78
4.3
Relative productivity and relative economic
efficiency of different cropping systems.
79
LIST OF PLATES
PLATE No.
PARTICULARS
PAGES IN
BETWEEN
1
View of sunflower +lentil
40
2
View of wheat+ fenugreek
40
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
PARTICULARS
PAGE No.
I
Weekly meteorological data during crop
growth period (From July 01, 2009 to
March 31, 2010).
108 109
II a
Cost of cultivation of rice (Rs. ha
-1
) system
of rice cucultivation.
110
II b
Cost of cultivation of wheat ( Rs. ha
-1
) 111
II c
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) of wheat + lentil
(1:1) skip/alternate row of 20 cm
112
II d
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) of wheat + lentil
(1:1) skip/alternate row of 20 cm (Rs/ha) of
castor + lentil (1:3)
113
II e
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) of onion
+coriander (3:1)
114
II f
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) of
wheat+ Fenugreek (1:1) skip/alternate row
of 20 cm
115
II g
Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) of mustard +
lentil (1:2)
116
II h
Cost of Cultivation (Rs/ha) of sunflower +
lentil (1:3)
117
II i
Prices of test crops
118
PREFACE
Intercropping or multiple cropping serves as an excellent strategy for
intensifying land use and increasing income and production per unit area
Therfore, this book emphasizes on the productivity and profitability of
intercropping in rabi cereal, legume, oilseed and spices under rice (Oryza
sativa L.) based cropping system. The major objectives were to assess the
production potential and economic viability of different rabi intercropping
under rice based cropping systems and to identify the suitable/ remunerative
rice based cropping systems with vegetables and oilseeds intercrops.
"Education plays vital role in personal and social development and
teacher plays a fundamental role in imparting education. Teachers have
crucial role in shaping young people not only to face the future with
confidence but also to build up it with aim and responsibility. There is no
substitute for teacher pupil relationship". I take this golden opportunity to
express my heartful, humble and deepest sense of gratitude to those who
helped me to complete my research possible. These words are small
acknowledgement but never fully recompensed for their great help and co-
operation.
It is my privilege to study and conduct my research under Dr. Shrikant
Chitale, Scientist, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Raipur
(C.G.), Chairman of my advisory committee, who provided me the research
insight, illuminating and meticulous guidance, calm endurance, continuous
and unfailing encouragement, scholarly suggestions, unique supervision,
constructive criticisms, sympathetic attitude, plausible appreciation and
sustained support during the entire course of investigation and preparation of
manuscript. His scientific approach and generosity without any reservation
have my privileges to work under his supervision, knowledge and enthusiastic
interest, which he provided me throughout my post graduation and research
investigation despite his busy schedule of work.
"There is a place in the heart where thoughts become wishes and
wishes become dreams." I express my sincere gratitude to my beloved father
Shri S. N. Singh and mother Smt. Ranju Singh, who bore the weight of
sacrifice with patience, whose selfless love, affection, sacrifices and blessing
made my path easier and helped me to make my dreams come true. Their
blessings have always been the most vital source of inspiration and motivation
in my life. My most cordial thanks go to my younger sisters Priyanka and
Namrata who inspired me constantly and moulded me into the present
position.
"Performance = Individual attributes x Work efforts x Friends
support."There are many friends and well wishers who helped me in various
ways towards the completion of this book and they deserve my sincere thanks.
Last but not least, I would like to convey my cordial thanks to all the teachers
and well wishers from my schooling days onwards who have directly and
indirectly helped me to reach upto this level in my life. How can I express my
thanks to "God" because there is no any word to express it. So, my lord,
please realize and accept my feelings.
Dedicated
To
My
Parents
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTERCROPPING
In the era of shrinking resource base of land, water and energy,
resource-use efficiency is an important aspect for considering the suitability of
a cropping system (Yadav, 2002). Diversification and intensification of rice-
based systems to increase productivity per unit resource is very pertinent. The
diversification of cropping system is necessary to get higher yield and return, to
maintain soil health, sustain environment and meet daily requirement of human
and animals (Samui et al., 2004).
Any modification to the existing system with a tendency to decline
the productivity of rice crop will neither be sustainable nor acceptable to the
farming community. Likewise, the importance of highly intensive crop
sequence is also well recognized to meet the growing demand of ever-
increasing population. An intensive cropping which must not only be highly
productive and profitable but also be stable over the time and maintains soil
fertility in present conditions (Ghosh, 1987). An intensification of cropping
sequence is essentially depending on the need of the area. Oilseeds and pulses
including vegetables are receiving more attention owing to higher prices due to
increased demand. Inclusion of these crops in a sequence changes the
economics of the cropping sequence. Moreover, diversification with inter-
cropping can give higher yields than when grown as sole crops (Mandal et
al.1986). Thus, selecting compatible combination of crops is necessary for the
maximum utilization of growth resources, viz. solar energy, and water per unit
area per unit time that will also keep the soil in a better physical condition as
1
well as improvement in yield. Hence, choice of the component crops needs to
be suitably maneuvered to harvest the synergism among them towards efficient
utilization of resource base and to increase overall productivity (Anderson,
2005).
Rice farmers are mostly involved in monoculture practices. This
deprives the land for growing other food crops. Hence, a better alternative of
mono/sole cropping is required to overcome this shortcoming. Therefore, a
shift from mono cropping to inter/multiple cropping as an excellent strategy for
intensifying land use and increasing income and production per unit area and
time is appreciated. Intercropping has been practiced all over the world from
times not even known. Intercropping was also practiced in ancient Greece
about 300 B.C. Theophrastus notes that wheat, barley, and certain pulses could
be planted at various times during the growing season often integrated with
vines and olives, indicating knowledge of the use of intercropping
(Papanastasis et al., 2004). Intercropping can be defined as
Intercropping stands for growing more than one crop in the same
field at the same time.
The crops are referred as
Base Crop: is the one which is plated as its optimum sole crop population in an
intercropping situation and second crop is planted in between rows of base crop
for obtaining bonus yield from intercrop without affecting base crop yield.
Component Crop: is used to refer to either individual crops making up the
intercropping situation. Intercrop yield is the yield of a component crop when
grown in intercropping and expressed over the total intercropped area. (i.e. area
2
occupied by both the crops). A simple addition of both the intercrop yields a
combined intercrop yield.
The component crops are selected on the following basis :
1.
The time of peak nutrient demand should not overleap.
2.
The competition for light should be minimum.
3.
The component crops should be compatible with each other.
4.
The maturity time of component crops should differ by at least one month.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF INTERCROPPING
The objectives of Intercropping Systems are:
1.
Indemnity against total crop failure.
2.
Increase in crop production.
3.
Optimum use of resources.
1.3 TYPES OF INTERCROPPING
Based on the per cent of plat population used in intercropping system, it is of
two types:
· Additive series and
· Replacement series.
Additive Series: Mostly followed in India. One crop known as the base crops is
sown at 100% rate. Other crops known as intercrops are also grown alongwith
the base crop at a rate lower than cent percent.
Replacement Series: Mostly practiced in western countries. Both the crops are
called component crops. Certain proportion of population of one component is
sacrificed for growing the second crop.
1.4 INTERCROPPING CONCEPTS
Intercropping concepts include four important points:
3
· Spatial arrangement,
· Plant density,
· Maturity dates of the crops being grown, and
· Plant architecture.
1.4.1 SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
There are at least four basic spatial arrangements used in intercropping.
Row Intercropping
Two or more crops are grown at the same
time with at least one crop planted in rows.
Strip Intercropping
Two or more crops are grown together in
strips wide enough to permit separate crop
production using machines but close
enough for the crops to interact.
Mixed Intercropping
Growing two or more crops together in no
distinct row arrangement.
Relay Intercropping
Planting a second crop into a standing crop
at a time when the standing crop is at its
reproductive stage but before harvesting.
4
1.4.2 PLANT DENSITY
Plant density can be optimized by adjusting the seeding rate of each crop. It
should be kept below the full rate to avoid overcrowding. The ratio of seed rate
depends upon the ratio of yield needed from the intercrop.
1.4.3 MATURITY DATES
Its beneficial if the intercrops differ in their maturity dates or development
periods. It reduces the competition between the two crops, It also helps in
harvesting and separation of grain. Sorghum/pigeonpea intercrop is common in
India. The sorghum matures in about four months. After the harvest of
sorghum, pigeonpea flowers and ripens. Pigeonpea does not affect the sorghum
yield (Willy, 1983).
1.4.4 PLANT ARCHITECTURE
Plant architecture is essential to balance the availability of certain factors such
as sunlight availability. It can be observed in an intercrop of corn plants and
beans and pumpkins.
1.5 ADVANTAGES OF INTERCROPPING
1. Increasing production
The primary reason for the increase in intercropping practices around the
globe include the increase in productivity of crops (Ghanbari and Lee,
2002). Odhiambo and Ariga, (2001) reported an increase in production with
maize and beans intercrops in different ratios.
2. Greater use of environmental resources
Due to the difference in the nutrient and resource requirement,
intercropping leads to better utilization of environmental resources
(Mahapatra, 2011).
5
3. Reduction of pests, diseases and weeds damage
Soria et al., (1975) reported that intercropping is effective in weed control
with corn- cassava and beans- cassava intercrops. Fujita et al., 1992
reported that intercropping does not always decrease pest or pathogen
attack but most reports have shown that intercropping has a decreasing
effect on pests and diseases.
4. Stability and uniformity Yield
In case of solo cropping, natural calamities can lead to complete loss of the
crop yield. But in case intercropping, failure of one crop still leaves the
other crops unaffected in most of the cases. This ensures some return to the
poor farmers.
5. Improve soil fertility and increase in nitrogen
Leguminous plants show symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria
which are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen into available nitrogen for plants
uptake. This adds nitrogen, an essential nutrient to the soil which can be
availed by other crops as well. Anil et al., 1998 and Fujita et al., 1992
reported that the nitrogen content in non-legume plants increased, due to
the intercropping with leguminous plants.
6. Reduced chemical use
Intercropping also reduces the cost of fertilizer application and pesticide
requirements to the farmers.
7. Overyielding
If the yield produced by the component crops grown in intercropping is
larger than that of monoculture under similar conditions, then it is known as
overyielding. Overyielding is calculated through the Land Equivalency
6
Ratio (LER) which is a measure of the land required to achieve intercrop
yields with crops grown as pure stands.
8.
Improvement of forage quality
Cereal forages when grown with crops capable of increasing the protein
content of the forage would have higher nutritional value.
9.
Promotion of biodiversity
Intercropping increases the biodiversity of the agroecosystem. Higher
species richness may be associated with nutrient cycling characteristics that
often can regulate soil fertility (Russell, 2002).
1.6 DISADVANTAGES OF INTERCROPPING
1.
Yield may decrease due to the difference in their requirements.
2.
Additional machinery cost required.
3.
Improved technology might not be used efficiently.
4.
Harvesting might be difficult.
5.
Not adaptable to harsh conditions such as drought.
6.
Very timely field operations are required.
1.7 INTERCROPPING : GLOBAL SCENARIO
Clover and grasses intercropping in pastures are extensively used in European
farming but arable intercropping of main cereal crops is not so common these
days. In the mechanized agricultural sector of Europe, North America, and
some parts of Asia, intercropping is far less widespread (Horwith, 1985).
Example 1
· Country : Central America
· Intercrops : Corn, beans, and squash
· The corn has more height than the two crops.
7
· The beans climb up the corn stalks.
· The squash plants spread out along the ground.
· The shade discourages weeds from growing.
Example 2
· Country : Canada
· Intercrops : Corn and soyabean
Example 3
· Country : South Dakota
· Intercrops : Corn, soybeans, and spring wheat
Example 4
· Country : Latin America
· Base crop : Beans
· Companion crop : maize, potatoes, and other crops
Example 5
· Country : Africa
· Base crop : Cowpeas
Example 6
· Country : Colombia
· Base crop : Beans
1.8 INTERCROPPING IN INDIA
Due to diverse agro-climatic conditions in the country, a large number of crops
are grown. Nearly 66 percent of the total cultivated area is under food grain
crops (cereals and pulses). Commercial agriculture not only catered to the
8
domestic market, but has also been one of the major sources of earning of
foreign exchange for the country.
Inter Cropping in Cereals:
· Base crop : Sorghum (matures in 3 ½ to 4 ½ months
· Companion crop : pigeon pea (matures in 6-9 months depending on the
genotype).
· Base crop : Maize
· Companion crop : Soybean or groundnut, black-gram or castor
Intercropping in Pulses:
· Base crop : pigeon pea,
· Companion crop : legumes such as black-gram and soybean, groundnut
Intercropping in cotton:
· Base crop : Cotton (slow growing crop)
· Companion crop : Any short duration and fast growing crops such as
groundnut, black-gram, green-gram or cluster bean
Intercropping in Sugarcane:
· Base crop : Sugarcane, (period 80-90 days, planted in rows 0.8-1.0 m
apart)
· Companion crop : Short duration crops maturing in 80-90 days as
considerable space for inter-cropping is available. Eg:- Black-gram and
soybean or the green manure, Dhaicha.
Intercropping in Coffee:
· Area : Karnataka and at the Araku Valley in Andhra Pradesh
· Base crop : Coffee
· Companion crop : Pepper
9
Cropping systems based on rice (Oryza sativa L.) are prevalent in the
eastern part of India, which covers 43 per cent of rice area of the country. Rice-
based systems are intimately connected with development of water resources.
Chhattisgarh is popularly recognized as rice bowl of the country, as it is the
principle crop of this state and about 69-70 percent of the net sown area is
covered in kharif rice, while, 16.00 lakh hectares are cultivated under rabi
season. With the increase in area under minor and major irrigation projects in
Chhattisgarh, a number of crops can profitably be grown during the winter
(rabi) and summer season followed by rice under irrigated conditions. Rice
(Oryza sativa L.) is grown intensively during the rainy season, whereas, cereals
like wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), mustard (Brassica juncea), sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.) and castor (Ricinus communis) as oilseeds, coriander
(Coriandrum sativum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), fenugreek (Trigonella
foenugraecum) as spices and lentil (Lens culinaris) and chickpea, lathyrus as
legume are the major rabi crops grown under irrigated conditions. Some of the
districts of Chattisgarh have more than 35 percent net irrigated area. Therefore,
to utilize the irrigation facilities in this area, there is need to diversify the
existing cropping system and introduce some new high yielding profitable
crops which can sustain and well suited under Chattisgarh agro-climatic
conditions. This will not only enhance the socio-economic conditions of the
farmers by providing employment for longer duration but also enable them to
exploit the upcoming marketing and processing infrastructure in this area.
Furthermore, development of improved technology with proper crop sequence
plays a major role in getting maximum net return. Therefore, it becomes
imperative to find the proper crop sequence. In order to generate useful
10
information for such type of potential areas, an investigation was undertaken to
study growth resource use and yield complementary of wheat-based
intercropping system, viz. wheat + lentil, mustard + lentil, sunflower + lentil,
wheat + fenugreek, onion + coriander, castor + lentil under irrigated condition.
Keeping these point in view, a field experiment on the productivity
and profitability of intercropping in rabi cereal, legume, oilseeds, and spices
under rice (Oryza sativa L.) based cropping system was undertaken at Research
cum Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy I.G.K.V., Raipur C. G.
during kharif, rabi season of 2009-2010 with the following objectives.
1.
To evaluate the production potential and economic viability of
different rabi intercropping under rice based cropping systems.
2.
To identify suitable/ remunerative rice based cropping systems with
vegetables and oilseeds intercrops.
3.
To calculate the energy requirement, energy output and energy use
efficiency of different rice based cropping systems.
4.
To assess the effect of bio-intensive crops like oilseeds and pulses
on the soil properties.
11
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
CHAPTER-II
REVIEW LITERATURE
In the era of shrinking resource base of land, water and energy,
resource-use efficiency is an important aspect for considering the suitability of
a cropping system. Since any modification to the existing system with a
tendency to decline the productivity of rice crop will neither be sustainable
nor acceptable to the farming community. Hence, Diversification and
intensification of rice-based systems to increase productivity per unit resource
is very pertinent. Choice of the component crops needs to be suitably
maneuvered to harvest the synergism among them towards efficient utilization
of resource base and to increase overall productivity. Research finding is
available on the suitability of different cropping systems with high yielding
varieties under rice-based cropping system are reviewed under the following
heads.
2.1 Effect of cropping systems on
2.1.1 Growth and yield of rice
2.1.2 Total productivity of system including field crops
2.1.3 Total productivity of system including vegetables
2.1.4 Total productivity of system with intercrop
2.2 Effect of cropping systems on soil fertility status
2.3 Effect of cropping systems on weed dynamics
2.4 Water use efficiency
2.5 Economic viability
2.6 Employment generation, production and land utilization efficiency
2.7 Energetics
13
2.1 Effect of cropping systems on
2.1.1 Growth and yield of rice
Quayyam and Maniruzzaman (1996) reported that rice-groundnut -
green gram system resulted in maximum number of effective tillers in rice
(362m
-2
), longest panicles (23.0 cm) and maximum number of grains panicle
-1
(112), but the traits were similar to those of rice-groundnut-cowpea, rice-
maize-green gram, rice-maize-cowpea and rice-sunflower- green gram
systems. All these systems also produced higher grain and straw yields of rice,
which may be attributed to the beneficial effect of legumes grown in summer
season.
Singh and Sharma (2002) reported that the grain yield of rice showed
significant variation under different cropping sequences and the maximum
grain yield (16.51 t ha
-1
) was found when sequenced in wheat-mung green
manure-rice sequence. The rice yield was comparatively low in wheat-rice
sequence. Singh and Tuteja (2000) found that the rice-potato recorded
maximum rice equivalent yield followed by rice-mustard and rice-wheat
cropping system.
Bastia
et al. (2008) reported that rice-groundnut-green gram system
resulted in maximum number of effective tillers in rice (362 m
-2
), longest
panicles (23.0 cm) and maximum number of grains panicle
-1
(112). However,
system productivity of rice-maize-cowpea was the maximum (15.98 t ha
-1
)
which was on a par with that of rice-maize- green gram (15.30 t ha
-1
).
2.1.2 Total productivity of system including field crops
Parihar
et al. (1995) reported that amongst different cropping
sequences, rice wheat cropping system gave the highest total grain
14
production, followed by rice rapeseed, under clay loam soils of Bilaspur,
Chhattisgarh.
Settee and Gouda (1997) reported that system productivity in terms of rice-
equivalent yield (REY) of rice-maize-cowpea was the maximum (15.98 t ha
-
1
), closely followed by that of rice-maize-green gram. Next in order was rice-
field pea- sesame system. The winter crops mostly governed the REY of the
systems, because rice was the base crop and contribution of summer crops
was marginal. The contribution of winter crops to REY of rice-maize-cowpea,
rice-maize-green gram and rice-field pea-sesame was 47, 48 and 44 percent,
respectively. Other crops remaining the same, inclusion of summer cowpea as
a vegetable crop increased the productivity of the systems and showed an edge
over green gram and sesame.
Thakur et al. (1998) found that rice-sweet potato rotation recorded
significantly better in terms of rice equivalent (52.6 q ha
-1
) and productivity
efficiency (17.94) followed by rice-wheat cropping system. Parihar et al.
(1999) found that the rice-groundnut was more productive followed by rice-
rice and rice-wheat. The lowest rice equivalent yield was obtained in rice-
mustard sequence.
Choudhary et al. (2001) also reported greater productivity by
replacing wheat in rice wheat system with vegetables like radish and potato.
Kharub et al. (2003) reported that the maximum yield was obtained from rice
potato sunflower (23.92 t ha
-1
). The addition of short duration potato
crop between two main crops increased the productivity of the rice wheat
system. Kumar et al. (2005) observed that the rice-rice, rice-maize and rice-
sunflower cropping sequences gave significantly higher rice equivalent yield
15
(11616, 11553 and 10868 kg ha
-1
, respectively).
Singh
et al. (2005)
reported that the rice equivalent yield (REY) was maximum in coarse rice-
potato-sunflower (25.06 t ha
-1
) followed by coarse rice-potato-late wheat
(24.98 t ha
-1
), basmati rice-potato-sunflower (17.71 t ha
-1
), basmati rice-
potato-late wheat(13.12 t ha
-1
) as compared to traditional coarse rice-wheat
(11.23 t ha
-1
) system.
Yadav
et al. (2005) reported that the maximum yield of rice in rice-
wheat green manuring, where green manuring was taken in summer after
wheat followed by coarse rice-mustard-sunflower sequence.
Singh and Singh (2005) reported that rice-onion gave the highest yield
(118.97 q ha
-1
) in the term of rice equivalent yield with maximum production
efficiency (33.10 kg day
-1
ha
-1
).
Saroch et al. (2005) also reported more productivity by replacing wheat in rice
wheat system with vegetables. However, Gangwar et al. (2004) also noted
higher stability of field crops in cereal cereal or cereal oilseed cropping
systems. Bastia et al. (2008) reported that rice-sunflower-green gram
registered the minimum rice equivalent yield (REY) of 11.66 t ha
-1
among the
three-crop sequences and rice-toria-fallow (8.36 t ha
-1
) among the two-crop
sequences.
2.1.3 Total productivity of system including vegetables
Diversification of existing rice based cereal/oilseed/pulse cropping
system with vegetables has got great success in irrigated conditions. Inclusion
of vegetables can not only increase the total productivity and net return from
whole system but is also opens gateways to enhance employment generation
and fulfill the demand of fresh vegetables.
16
Yadav
et al. (2000) and Singh and Tuteja (2000) revealed that the rice-
potato-cowpea provided the highest rice grain equivalent yield of 22.55 q ha
-1
than rice-potato-okra (20.02 q ha
-1
). Gangwar and Katyal (2001) found that
the rice-potato-jute sequence yielded the highest during all the years, with
mean yield of 16,936 q ha
-1
year
-1
having system productivity of 67.47 kg
day
-1
ha
-1
at Kalyani (West Bengal).
Similarly,
Yadav
et al. (2000) and Singh and Tuteja (2000) reported
that sequences involving rice-tomato-poi was distinctly better than those over
the years with mean yield equivalents of 26,680 kg ha
-1
year
-1
at
Bhubneshwar with the highest system productivity of (90.14 kg day
-1
ha
-1
).
While, the lowest productivity was obtained in rice-mustard-rice sequence and
in rice-mustard-ridge gourd sequence.
Choudhary
et al. (2001) also reported that inclusion of oilseeds,
vegetables, ornamental or fodder crops to diversify the existing rice-wheat
system also helped in achieving higher rice-equivalent yield than with
sequences having cereals and pulse crops.
Dhurandher
et al. (2002) found that rice-cabbage-onion-jowar
recorded the highest rice equivalent yield (283.40 q ha
-1
), production
efficiency (82.04 kg day
-1
ha
-1
). Sharma et al. (2004) also reported that
maximum yield (26.94 t ha
-1
) was obtained from rice-potato-onion system
followed by rice-potato-sunflower (23.92 t ha
-1
). Bohra (2005) reported that
rice-potato-green gram sequence was significantly and distinctly better than
other system, i.e., rice-lentil + mustard-cowpea (f), rice-wheat-green gram and
rice-lentil- cowpea (f).
17
Manjunath and Korikanthimath (2004) observed that system
productivity was highest with rice-brinjal system (11222 kg ha
-1
) followed by
rice-cowpea system (7681 kg ha
-1
). Saroch et al. (2005) also reported more
productivity by replacing wheat in rice-wheat system with vegetables. Due to
high market price of mustard, rice-mustard-GM (81.96 q ha
-1
) was comparable
with existing rice-wheat cropping system (93.10 q ha
-1
).
Urkurkar
et al. (2008) found that the total productivity in terms of rice
equivalent yield was significantly higher in rice-potato-cowpea cropping
system (221.61 q ha
-1
) than other systems. It was at par but produced much
higher total productivity over rice-brinjal-green manure (181.16 q ha
-1
) and
rice-onion- green manure (160.63 q ha
-1
). Rice based systems with field crops
viz. rice-wheat- fallow, rice-mustard- green manure and rice-table pea-maize
(fodder) produced almost similar rice equivalent yield with each other and
these cropping systems were remained significantly lower than those systems
which included vegetables and cash crops follow rice.
Singh
et al. (2010) found that inclusion of potato in any of the above
crop sequences proved beneficial in enhancing the productivity and
profitability of the system. This may be attributed to the deep hoeing of the
field because of ridge planting and hilling up, as well as the digging of potato
tubers, which caused better soil aeration and weed free conditions for the
Japanese mint, green gram and onion crops. Apart from this, potato was given
heavy doses of fertilizers and perhaps did not utilize all the applied fertilizers,
and later on, the following crops of onion, Japanese mint and green gram
might have utilized the residual fraction.
18
Details
- Pages
- Type of Edition
- Erstausgabe
- Publication Year
- 2013
- ISBN (PDF)
- 9783954896226
- ISBN (Softcover)
- 9783954891221
- File size
- 7.6 MB
- Language
- English
- Publication date
- 2014 (February)
- Keywords
- Intercropping Productivity Profitability Rice-Based Cropping System
- Product Safety
- Anchor Academic Publishing
