Predictive Performance Simulation of Concentrated Solar Power Technologies in Three Selected Cities in Northern Nigeria

Muye, Haruna Mohammed

Predictive Performance Simulation of Concentrated Solar Power Technologies in Three Selected Cities in Northern Nigeria

Summary

In this work a predictive performance simulation of Solar Tower and Parabolic Trough Concentrating Solar Power plants was undertaken for three sites in Northern Nigeria. The simulation was done using Solar Advisor Model (SAM). The three sites - Minna, Kano, and Sokoto - were selected based on their Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI) values and hours of sunshine per day which are comparable to that of the sites where Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants are operating in Southern Spain.
The simulation process adopted for this study includes: configuration of receiver and collector components, selection of Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) and specification of the operating temperatures, sizing and configuration of solar field, specification of power cycle design point, specification of the thermal storage parameters, and optimization of hour of thermal energy storage, solar multiple and cooling system.
The results show that the Solar Tower plant is more favoured to be adopted for use in the study sites because it has higher annual electrical energy generation, a higher capacity factor and lower Levelised costs of electricity. The Net Present Value of the CSP plants at all the sites is positive implying that the project is economically viable. The study also showed that at solar multiple of 2, the levelised cost of electricity for both Solar Towers and Parabolic Troughs is the lowest, irrespective of the cooling system (wet or dry cooling). Solar multiple has no effect on the water usage irrespective of the CSP plant. Dry cooling system reduces the water usage by 86% and 95% for Solar Tower and Parabolic Trough plants, respectively. The annual electrical energy generations of the CSP plants increase with increasing solar multiple. Dry cooling systems reduce the annual electrical energy generation in the range of 7.3 to 7.5 percent for the Solar Tower plant and 8 to 9 percent for the Parabolic Trough plant.

Excerpt

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION ... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...ii

ABSTRACT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF TABLES ... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ...vii

ABBREVIATIONS ... viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND ... 1

1.2 JUSTIFICATION/SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ... 3

1.3 OBJECTIVES ... 5

1.4 METHODOLOGY ... 5

1.5 SCOPE OF WORK ... 6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ... 7

2.1 CONCEPTS OF CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER ... 7

2.1.1 PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR ... 8

2.1.2 LINEAR FRESNEL COLLECTOR ... 9

2.1.3 PARABOLIC DISH COLLECTOR ... 10

2.1.4 SOLAR TOWER COLLECTOR ... 11

2.2 COMPARISON OF CSP TECHNOLOGIES ... 12

2.3 DEPLOYMENT OF CSP PLANTS ... 14

2.4 NIGERIA'S CSP POTENTIALS ... 17

CHAPTER THREE: CSP POTENTIAL OF STUDY SITES AND DATA

ACQUISITION ... 23

3.1 CSP POTENTIAL OF THE STUDY SITES ... 23

3.2 OVERVIEW OF OPERATING CSP PLANTS ... 24

3.2.1 GEMASOLAR CSP PLANT ... 24

3.2.2 ANDASOL 1 CSP PLANT ... 25

3.2.3 STUDY SITES ... 26

3.3 OVERVIEW OF THE MODELLING SOFTWARE ... 26

3.4 DATA ACQUISITION ... 27

3.5 SYSTEM SIMULATION PROCESS ... 29

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS ... 37

4.1 TECHNICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 37

4.1.1 ANNUAL ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION ... 38

4.1.2 CAPACITY FACTOR ... 43

4.1.3 MONTHLY NET ELECTRICAL ENERGY OUTPUT ... 43

4.1.4 ANNUAL ENERGY FLOW ... 46

4.1.5 ANNUAL WATER USAGE ... 49

4.2 FINANCIAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 50

4.2.1 NET PRESENT VALUE ... 52

4.2.2 LEVELISED COST OF ELECTRICITY ... 52

4.2.3 ENERGY PRICE (FIT) ... 56

4.2.4 TOTAL COST OF INSTALLATION ... 56

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 58

5.1 CONCLUSION ... 58

5.2 RECOMMENDATION ... 60

REFERENCES: ... 61

APPENDIX ... 68

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Commercial Deployment of CSP Plants ... 14

Table 2.2: Utility-Scale CSP Capacity ... 15

Table 2.3: Estimated Solar CSP Potential of selected 14 states in Nigeria. ... 19

Table 3.1: Basic Topography and Meteorological Conditions of Study Sites ... 28

Table 3.2: System Characteristics/Specifications for Solar Tower CSP Plant ... 31

Table 3.3: System Characteristics/Specifications for Parabolic Trough CSP Plant .. 33

Table 3.4: Financial Assumptions for the study ... 36

Table 4.1: Performance Results of CSP Technologies at Sites ... 37

Table 4.2: Financial Results of CSP Technologies at Sites ... 51

Table D- 1: Monthly Net Electric Output of CSP Technologies for the study sites .. 69

Table D- 2: Annual Energy Flow of CSP Technologies for the study sites ... 70

Table D- 3: Nominal and Real LCOE of CSP Technologies for the study sites ... 71

Table D- 4: Monthly Direct Normal Radiation of study sites ... 71

Table D- 5: Effect of Cooling System and Solar Multiple on Annual Electrical

Energy Generation (GWh) of CSP Technologies considered ... 72

Table D- 6: Effect of Cooling System and Solar Multiple on Annual Water usage

) of CSPTechnologies considered ... 72

Table D- 7: Effect of Cooling System and Solar Multiple on Real Levelised Cost of

Electricity (¢/kWh) of CSP Technologies considered ... 73

Table D- 8: Effect of Hour of Thermal Energy Storage on Annual Electrical Energy

Generation of Wet Cooling System CSP Technologies considered ... 73

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 2.1: Parabolic Trough Collector ... 9

Fig 2.2:Linear Fresnel Collector ... 10

Fig 2.3: Stirling/Parabolic Dish Collector ... 11

Fig 2.4: Solar Tower Collector ... 12

Fig. 2.5: Solar Radiation Map in Nigeria ... 19

Fig. 3.1:Map showing DNI of towns in Nigeria. ... 24

Fig. 4.1: effect of cooling system and solar multiple on annual electrical energy

generation of CSP technologies considered. ... 41

Fig. 4.2: Effect of hour of thermal energy storage on annual electrical energy

generation of CSP technologies considered. ... 42

Fig. 4.3: Monthly Net Electrical Energy Output for CSP Technologies at Minna site44

Fig. 4.4: Monthly Net Electrical Energy Output for CSP Technologies at Kano site44

Fig. 4.5: Monthly Net Electrical Energy Output for CSP Technologies at Sokoto site45

Fig 4.6: Monthly Direct Normal Irradiation at study sites ... 46

Fig. 4.7:Annual Energy Flow of CSP Technologies at Minna site ... 46

Fig. 4.8:Annual Energy Flow of CSP Technologies at Kano site ... 47

Fig. 4.9:Annual Energy Flow of CSP Technologies at Sokoto site ... 47

Fig 4.10: Effect of Cooling System and Solar Multiple on Annual Water Usage of

CSP Technologies considered. ... 50

Fig. 4.11: Nominal and Real LCOE for CSP Technologies at Minna site ... 53

Fig. 4.12: Nominal and Real LCOE for CSP Technologies at Kano site ... 53

Fig. 4.13: Nominal and Real LCOE for CSP Technologies at Sokoto site ... 54

Fig 4.14 shows the result of the effect of cooling system and solar multiple on

Levelised Cost of Electricity of CSP technologies considered. ... 55

Fig. A: Monthly Precipitation / Days of Precipitation ... 68

Fig. B: Monthly Precipitation / Days of Precipitation ... 68

Fig. C: Monthly Precipitation / Days of Precipitation ... 69

viii

ABBREVIATIONS

BOP

Balance

Plant

CSP

Concentrating

Solar

Power

CRS

Central

Receiver

System

DNI

Direct

Normal

Irradiation

°C

Degree

Celsius

°F

Degrees

Fahrenheit

°K

Degrees

Kelvin

EPW

Energy

Plus

Weather

European

Union

Giga Watt

GWe

Giga

Watt

electric

GWh

Giga

Watt

Hour

GWh

Giga

Watt

Hour

Electrical

GWh

Giga

Watt

Hour

Thermal

HTES

Hours of Thermal Energy Storage

HTF

Heat

Transfer

Fluid

IEA

International

Energy

Agency

IPP

Independent

Power

Producer

IRENA International

Renewable

Energy

Agency

ISCC

Integrated

Solar

Combined

Cycle

Kilometer

Square

Kilo

Watt

kWe

Kilowatt-

electric

kWh

Kilo

Watt

Hour

kWh/m

Kilowatt- hour per metre square

kWh/m

day

Kilowatt- hour per metre square per day

LCOE

Levelised

Cost

Energy

LFC

Linear

Fresnel

Collector

LFR

Linear

Fresnel

Reflector

Meter

Cube

MDGs

Millennium

Development

Goals

Meter

Square

Mega Watt

MWe

Mega

Watt

electric

MWh

Mega

Watt

Hour

MWh/yr

Mega Watt Hour per year

Megawatt

thermal

MWh

Megawatt Hour thermal

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NPV

Net

Present

Value

NREL

National

Renewable Energy Laboratory

Operation

and

Maintenance

PE-1

Puerto Errado -1 Solar Thermal Plant

PE-2

Puerto Errado -2 Solar Thermal Plants

PTC

Parabolic

Trough

Collector

Photovoltaic

REN

Renewable

Energy

SAM

Solar

Advisor

Model

SEGS

Solar

Energy

Generating

System

Solar

Multiple

TES

Thermal

Energy

Storage

TWh

Tiga

Watt

Hour

TWh/yr

Tiga Watt Hour per year

United

Nations

USA

United

State

America

United

States

Cents

United

States

Dollars

US ¢/kWh

United States Cents per Kilowatt Hour

VAT

Value

Added

Tax

Percentage

$/kW

Dollars

per

Kilowatt

¢/kWh

Cents

per

Kilowatt

Hour

Dollars

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Energy provision is an essential prerequisite for a nation's social and

economic development. Energy services enable fulfillment of basic human needs

such as adequate food supply, lighting, warmth, education and health, which are the

objectives of the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

Access to adequate energy provision remains significant in achieving the MDGs.

The importance of alternative sources of energy to human health and the

environment has informed global renewable energy development through various

UN sustainable development programmes. Since the world's summit on sustainable

development held in Johannesburg in 2002, the need for renewable energy

development has gotten a great deal of attention from world leaders (Olumide and

Andrew, 2013).

Increasing worldwide demand for electricity coupled with growing concerns

about climate change and the need to reduce the environmental impact of

conventional fossil-fuel based power plants has led to the development of innovative

and more sustainable power generation solutions based on renewable resources

(Arobieke et al, 2012).

Nigeria is faced with acute electricity problems, which is hindering its

development notwithstanding the availability of vast natural resources in the

country. The electricity demand in Nigeria far outstrips the supply and the supply is

epileptic in nature (Sambo, 2008).

An analysis of the power generation capacity required to support the

Nigerian 20:2020 economic vision shows that, Nigeria will need to generate

electricity in the range of about 35,000 MW by 2020. This is based on the

assumption that the country will take low energy intensity (0.4) growth path

(Habib et al, 2012).

As at 2005, the nation has an installed capacity of approximately 6,538.3

MW. Out of this installed capacity, not more than 4,500 MW is ever produced

(Nwulu Agboola, 2011). In December, 2009, the total grid capacity stood at 8,876

MW. Out of this only 3,653 MW was available. Thus 41% of the installed capacity

is unavailable (Emovon et al, 2011). In 2012, the power generated was 3,080 MW

which falls well below capacity with a net electricity generation of 27 GWh

(http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis). However, the energy demand is

always on the increase. For instance, the energy demand increased from 6,000 MW

in 2001 to 13,000 MW in 2013 with energy generation at 4,000 MW.

With the current population growth rate (2.7 %), the pressure on the

conventional energy infrastructure for the supply of energy demand will continue to

increase. Since the quantity of available energy from conventional resources cannot

meet the ever increasing energy demand , there is urgent need to aggressively pursue

the harnessing of the nation's renewable energy resources such as solar, wind and

biomass to meet future demand.

Among the renewable energy sources listed, solar energy is the most

appropriate to meet the current and future energy demand in view of its enormous

potentials. There exist various types of technologies that have been developed to

harvest the power from the sun. Photovoltaic (PV), which is direct conversion from

light energy into electricity, and concentrated solar thermal power called also

concentrating solar power (CSP), which uses mirrors to concentrate solar energy are

the two known technology types to utilise the solar energy. According to Habib et

al, 2012, while PV is suitable for small or off-grid solutions, CSP showed attractive

features to be installed in large scale.

To this regard, production of electrical energy from the sun through

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Plant is one of the major promising alternative

renewable power energy productions process because the sun is free, abundant and

inexhaustible.

The radiated energy by the sun can be converted into high temperature

thermal energy which is subsequently converted into mechanical energy (and

possibly into electricity) through thermodynamic cycles using Concentrating Solar

Power, CSP also called concentrated solar thermal(IEA, 2010). The basic concept of

CSP technology is relatively simple; it involves the concentration of the sun's Direct

Normal Irradiation (DNI), using lenses or mirrors. The sun's energy is amplified to

temperatures in the range of 400-1000

C. This heat is first transformed to

mechanical energy (by conventional steam cycle, Stirling engines or combined cycle

engines) then to electrical energy(OECD and IEA,2009).

At present, there are four categories of CSP, with similar modes of operation

but different ways of receiving and amplifying the sun's energy. The four categories

include; Parabolic Trough, Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR), Solar Tower or Central

Receiver System (CRS) and Parabolic Dish or Dish Stirling systems. The four

categories can be divided into two groups based on how they concentrate irradiance

on the receiver. LFR and Parabolic trough designs are classified as line focus

systems. On the other hand, Solar Tower or Central Receiver System (CRS) and

Parabolic Dish designs are classified as point focus system. CSP technology is

projected to make a significant contribution to the future renewable energy

development according to the Global CSP outlook (2009). Based on an advanced

growth scenario, a higher capacity factor is projected from the technology leading to

a significant global power contribution of 7 % and 25 % in 2030 and 2050

respectively (Olumide and Andrew, 2013).

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) has begun to achieve a growing

penetration into global electricity markets. In the last 6 years the installed capacity

of CSP has increased from 355 to 2550 MW (IRENA, 2012b; CSP World, 2013)

and according to reports from the International Energy Agency it is expected to

continue increasing up to 1500 GW by 2050 (Philibert et al, 2010).

1.2 JUSTIFICATION/SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Globally, the use of fossil fuels namely coal, oil, natural gases, etc. accounts

for about 70% of the total energy consumption. These energy sources are known to

produce harmful pollution, and contribute to greenhouse effects. Statistics have

shown that fossil fuels are fast depleting and that they are in their reserved stage.

Excessive combustion of fossil fuel for energy has potential contribution to negative

environmental consequences such as global warming. These factors, coupled with

the increasing world population, has created a need for the search of more reliable

and renewable energy sources that can meet the world ever increasing demand of

energy (Arobieke et al, 2012).

Nigeria like most African countries is still faced with acute problems in the

supply of electricity, which has tremendously hindered its development despite the

nation's enormous solar energy potentials. Nigeria is endowed with daily sunshine

that is averagely 6.25 hours, which ranges between about 6.5 hours and 3.5 hours

Northern region and Southern region of the nation respectively. It also has an annual

average daily solar radiation of about 3.5 kWh/m

/day in the coastal areas which is

in the Southern part of the country and 7.0 kWh/m

/day at the Northern boundary

(Bala et al, 2001. Nigeria receives about 4.851x 10

kWh of energy per day from

the sun (Okafor et al, 2010). This is equivalent to about 1.082 million tonnes of oil

equivalent (Mtoe) per day.

Based on the Nigeria land area of 924 x 103 km

and an average daily solar

radiation of 5.535kWh/m

/day, the country receives an average of 1.804 x 10

kWh

of solar energy annually. This annual solar energy insolation value is about 27 times

the nation total conventional energy resources in energy units and is over 117,000

times the amount of electric power generated in 1998 (Chendo, 2002). In other

words, about 3.7 % only of the national land area is needed to be utilised in order to

collect from the sun an amount of energy equal to the nation's conventional energy

reserve (Okafor et al, 2010).

The minimum direct normal irradiation is in the range of 4.5 7.5

kWh/m

/day in the Northern Nigeria with the highest in north-east part of the

country, which has met the minimum DNI threshold of 4.1 5.8kWh/m

/day needed

for economically viable concentrating solar power project. The total potential CSP

capacity for fourteen frontline northern states of Nigeria is estimated at 427,829 MW

and the electricity potential at 26,841 TWh/yr (Habib et al, 2012). However, only

one parabolic dish CSP has been reported to be in operation in Nigeria.

From the above, the current energy crisis which is responsible for the low per

capita electricity consumption of 121 kWh (www.tradingeconomics.com) in the

country will be solved through proper harnessing and utilization of the abundant

solar energy form. Also the desired rapid transformation of nation's socio-economic

well-being of the citizenry can be achieved.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this study is to simulate a 20 MW capacity turbine

Solar Tower and Parabolic Trough Concentrated Solar Power Technologies for

Minna, Kano, and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria.

The specific objectives include:

To assess the technical performance of operating a given 20 MW

capacity turbine using two different Concentrated Solar Power

Technologies namely; Solar Tower and Parabolic Trough respectively at

the selected sites,

ii.

To compare the performance and financial viability of the CSP

Technologies at each selected site,

iii.

To evaluate the effect of CSP plant cooling system, solar multiple, and

hours of thermal energy storage on annual electrical energy generation,

water usage and Levelised cost of electricity.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

This study involves review of all the CSP Technology namely; Solar Tower,

Parabolic Trough, Parabolic/Dish Stirling, and Linear Fresnel.

Even though all the cities in the Northern Nigeria are potential sites for

operation of CSP plant based on the region Direct Normal Irradiation (4.5 7.5

kWh/m

/day), only three sites are selected for the study. The selection of the study

sites was done in such a way that each site represents one of the three tropical

savanna climate types in Northern Nigeria, namely; Guinea, Sudan and Sahel.

Minna represent Guinea region, Kano represent Sudan region, and Sokoto represent

Sahel region.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) System Advisory Model

(SAM), one of the CSP plant modelling and analytical techniques was used to

simulate a 20 MW turbine capacity Solar Tower and Parabolic Trough CSP

technologies for the selected sites.

The study sites resource data file in Energy Plus Weather (EPW) format was

acquired from Meteonorm Meteorological Database and was uploaded into the

modelling software, SAM.

The CSP Plant specifications for the selected technology was primarily

sourced from; "Gemasolar" NREL/ Solar PACES website for Solar Power

technology, "Andasol-1" NREL/Solar PACES website for Parabolic Trough

technology, Study sites conditions and SAM help contents.

The financial assumptions for this study were compiled mainly from central

Bank of Nigeria and www.tradingeconomics.com/nigeria. The market considered

was Independent Power Producer.

1.5 SCOPE OF WORK

This study covers the simulation of 20 MW turbine capacity Solar Tower and

Parabolic Trough Concentrated Solar Power Plants for the three selected sites in

Northern Nigeria using National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) System

Advisor Model (SAM). The study assumes the power unit of the system would be

installed by an Independent Power Producer (IPP).

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONCEPTS OF CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER

Concentrated solar power (CSP) utilizes the sun as a source of heat which

can be exploited by concentrating that heat and using it to drive a heat engine or

steam turbine to produce power. CSP technology is not a new idea. The first patent

for a solar collector was granted in Germany in 1907. However, the first major effort

to exploit the sun as a heat source for power generation began in the USA after the

oil crises of the 1970s and the first commercial plants appeared in the late 1980s in

California. Funding for development and deployment of CSP plants tailed off soon

afterwards when cheap natural gas dominated the power generation market in most

parts of the developed world. However, the combination of global warming and

volatile gas prices has had a potent effect and both interest and investment in CSP

technology are now accelerating rapidly. With several major projects proposed,

under construction or recently entering service, there is a strong chance that CSP

technology can become a part of the mainstream, alongside wind, hydro and solar

photovoltaic technologies, as a key source of renewable energy for the future

(Andreas, et al, 2013).

The process of generating electricity from CSP is nearly the same with

conventional fossil fuel thermal plants with the difference being the fuel source. A

typical CSP plant uses reflectors and parabolic mirrors to focus the sun's rays onto a

heat collector. Heat transfer fluids such as synthetic oil are used to transfer heat from

the collector to heat exchangers where water is super-heated. The super-heated

steam runs a turbine which in turn drives a generator to generate electricity(Habib,

et al, 2012).

There is a striking semblance between conventional fossil- fuel power plant

and Concentrated Solar Power Plant, the difference lies in the mode of heat

generation. While conventional power generation derives its heat source from the

burning of fossil fuels, CSP uses radiant energy from the sun. In essence,

Concentrated Solar Power generates electricity on the principles of Rankine Cycle

Power Plant (coal, gas or oil fired) or as an add- on to a natural gas combined cycle,

substituting the heat source with solar collectors (EEL and MRCL, 1999).

Comparatively, CSP is a new technology with a lot of promise and there is

on- going research to make it cost - competitive. Researchers have observed that

improved operations, mass production, economics of scale coupled with state -of -

the art technology would make the reduction of the cost of solar electricity a reality

(Frimpong, 2010).

The innovative aspect of CSP is that they can be equipped with a thermal

storage in which excess heat is diverted to storage material such as molten salts.

After sunset the molten salt is used as heat transfer fluid for the system. Thermal

storage ensures that the turbine can always run at full load and with optimal

efficiency, which in turn makes the power plant more profitable. This significantly

increases the CSP capacity factor compared with solar photo voltaic and, more

importantly, enables the production of dispatchable electricity, which can facilitate

both grid integration and economic competitiveness. CSP technologies therefore

benefit from advances in solar concentrator and thermal storage technologies, while

other components of the CSP plants are based on rather mature technologies and

cannot expect to see rapid cost reductions (www.irena.org).

CSP systems are ideal for grid connection, although small off-grid systems

can be designed; they are the best suited solar technology that is capable of

providing utility scale electricity and are usually used to provide base load power

where they exist (Habib, et al, 2012).

There are different CSP technologies based on focus type (line and point

focus) and receiver type (fixed and mobile). Thus, there is line focus fixed receiver,

line focus mobile receiver, point focus fixed receiver and point focus mobile

receiver. The various types of technologies in use are: Parabolic Trough, Solar

Power Tower/ Central Receiver, Dish Stirling/Parabolic Dish, and Linear Fresnel

Reflector CSP. These various system designs can be distinguished by how the solar

collectors concentrate the sun's radiation and track its position (Frimpong, 2010).

2.1.1 PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR

The parabolic trough collectors (PTC) consist of solar collectors (mirrors),

heat receivers and support structures. The parabolic -shaped mirrors are constructed

by forming a sheet of reflective material in to a parabolic shape that concentrates

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Fig 2.2: Linear Fresnel Collector

Source: Adapted from Andreas et al, 2013

2.1.3 PARABOLIC DISH COLLECTOR

Parabolic dishes concentrate the sun's rays onto a receiver positioned at a

focal point propped above the center of the dish. The entire apparatus tracks the sun,

with the dish and receiver moving in tandem. Most dishes have an independent

engine or generator (such as a Stirling machine or a micro turbine) at the focal

point. Dishes offer the highest solar-to-electric conversion performance of any CSP

system. Several features; the compact size, absence of cooling water, and low

compatibility with thermal storage and hybridisation put parabolic dishes in

competition with PV modules, especially concentrating photovoltaic (CPV), as

much as with other CSP technologies. Very large dishes, which have been proven

compatible to thermal storage and fuel backup, are the exception (OECD and IEA,

2010).

The working fluid in the receiver of parabolic dishes is heated to 250700 °C

(4821292 °F)) and then used by a Stirling engine to generate power. Parabolic-dish

systems provide high solar-to-electric efficiency (between 3132%), and their

modular nature provides scalability (Christopher and Goswani, 2005).

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Details

Pages
Type of Edition: Originalausgabe
Year: 2015
ISBN (PDF): 9783954894994
File size: 2.3 MB
Language: English
Institution / College: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology – Department of Mechanical Engineering
Publication date: 2015 (November)
Grade: A
Keywords: Nigeria Renewable energy technologies Parabolic trough collector Solar tower collector Solar Advisor Model Concentrated solar power

Author

Haruna Mohammed Muye (Author)

Predictive Performance Simulation of Concentrated Solar Power Technologies in Three Selected Cities in Northern Nigeria

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Author

Haruna Mohammed Muye (Author)