Power Quality and Industrial Performance
©2015
Textbook
63 Pages
Summary
Quality electricity supply propels industrial growth and boosts economic development. Quality electricity supply goes beyond mere availability of electricity as it is commonly believe to be. This book examines the various elements of quality electricity supply. The book also discussed industrial performance as a whole and identified four (4) key performance indicators that industries measure. It then considered the impact that electricity has on industries and their performance citing cases of Africa, America, Europe, Middle East and Asia. It then identified six general areas that quality electricity supply could impact in any industry.
Excerpt
Table Of Contents
ii
LIST OF TABLES
Table I: World net projection for renewable electricity generation in billion kilowatts
hours (Source: EIA, 2013) ... 9
Table II: Generation facilities in Ghana and their respective installed capacity
(Source: Volta River Authority, 2014)... 10
Table III: Types of interruptions monitored by different Countries (data Source:
CEER, 2008) ... 24
Table IV: Technical performance analysis of Akosombo and Kpong hydro generating
stations for 2001 (Source: PURC, 2001)... 25
Table V: Number of NedCo supply interruption per 100km of system length for 2001
(Source: PURC, 2001) ... 26
Table VI: Duration of supply hours lost per connected SLT customers for Electricity
Company of Ghana in 2001 (Source: PURC, 2001)... 26
Table VII: Continuous monitoring of voltage distribution by various European
countries (Source: CEER, 2008) ... 29
Table VIII: Response time to customer complaints in written form. (Source: CEER,
2008) ... 31
Table IX: Electricity Outages (Source: Cissokho et al, 2013) ... 39
Table X: Previous estimate of annual cost of power outage (Source: Executive Office
of the President, 2013)... 44
Table XI: Total loss across all regions, sectors and households relevant to outage
durations in million euros (Source: CIRED, 2014) ... 46
Table XII: Summary estimates of the cost of power outages (Source: Musilium O.
Oseni) ... 46
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:World Net Electricity Generation in trillion (10
12
) kilowatt hours (Source:
EIA, 2013) ... 6
Figure 2: World Net Electricity Generation by Energy Source (Source: EIA, 2006) ... 7
Figure 3: Trend in Electricity Generation by Source in Ghana Source: Energy
Commission, 2013)... 10
Figure 4: Share of Hydropower Generation in 2008 (Source: IEA, 2010) ... 11
Figure 5: Evolution of Global Hydropower Generation between 1990 2008 (Source:
IEA, 2010) ... 11
Figure 6: World Net Electricity Generation by Fuel Type in trillion (10
12
) Kilowatt
hours (Source: EIA, 2013) ... 12
Figure 7: China Installed capacity and Actual Electricity Generation in 2004 by source
(Source: Jing Li and Yu Xue, 2009)... 14
Figure 8: Electricity Production in Flores by Source (Source: Pina et al, 2012) ... 13
Figure 9: Electricity Generating Capacity by Fuel type from 2010 2013 (Source: CEC,
NEA)... 15
Figure 10: China Electricity Consumption by Sector from 2009 2013 (Sourcce: NEA,
2013, US EIA) ... 17
Figure 11: 2013 Annual Electricity Supply in Ghana (Source: Volta River Authority,
2014) ... 18
Figure 12: Demand and Supply Gab in Electricity for Ghana from 2000 to 2008
(Source: Adom et al, 2011)... 19
Figure 13: Hourly Consumption of Electricity in Flores (Source: Pina et al, 2012) ... 19
Figure 14: 2013 Annual Availability Factor for Akosombo and Kpong Generation
Station (Source: VRA, 2014) ... 25
Figure 15: Planned Interruption: Number of Interruptions per year from 1999 to
2007 for various countries (Source: CEER, 2008)... 27
iv
Figure 16: Unplanned Interruption per medium voltage level: Number of
interruptions per year from 1999 to 2007 for various countries (Source:
CEER, 2008) ... 27
Figure 17: 2012 3rd Quarter Overall Challenges in Ghana (Source: GB & F Magazine,
2012) ... 40
Figure 18: Electricity and Economic Growth in U.S. (Source: U.S. Department of
Energy Transmission Reliability Multi year Program Plan, 2013) ... 42
Figure 19: Annual Cost of Electricity Power Outage and Power Quality Disturbances
(Source: U. S. Department of Energy, 2003) ... 42
Figure 20: September 28th 2003 Power Outage in Italy lasting 3 16 hours (Source:
CIRED, 2014) ... 46
1
PREFACE
I am very excited about writing this book and thank the Almighty God for his
constant love, infinite wisdom, guidance and strength to be able to complete
it.
Even as a little child I was known as one who questions virtually everything
and the phrase "He likes asking questions in class" was one constant remark
that appears on my report cards. I believe every system can be made better if
the right questions are asked and the solutions to challenges are pursued with
the right attitude, knowledge and determination.
Africa has experienced its fair share of power crisis. Quality electricity supply
propels industrial growth and boosts economic development, hence power
crisis are a dent on industrial development and economic growth at large.
Ghana over the past years has had its own share of electricity crises which in
recent years is humorously referred to as "dumsor dumsor" meaning the
unreliable nature of electricity supply to households and industries.
I believe my years of experience in the energy sector as an engineer and my
postgraduate work in engineering and management puts me in a position
where I can understand the issues, reviews current scientific and technical
know-how on the subject and share my perspectives on the way forward.
2
Throughout this book, I intended to share my knowledge, experience, research
and thought with cherished readers, starting with basic concepts of electricity,
some trends in electricity generation, supply and consumption, the vital
elements of quality electricity supply, some general key performance
indicators of industries, and how electricity impacts on industrial
performance.
This book aims to offer a good knowledge on the subject for all readers hence
it does not include technical details, or theoretical and mathematical formulae
but has vivid graphs, tables and diagrams explaining and showing trends on
issues I hope to carry across.
3
INTRODUCTION
Electric current can simply be referred to as the rate at which charges flow
across any cross sectional area.
Electricity is the fastest growing form of delivered energy in the world. That
notwithstanding, virtually every economy has experienced its own share of
energy crisis and the vital implications of poor quality electricity generation
and supply on both individuals lives and businesses.
In recent years in Ghana, one word that resonates in virtually every daily
conversation from the ordinary citizen on the street, the media houses, through
to investors is "power". By power they simply mean quality and reliable
electrical energy for homes, schools, work places etc.
Electricity is a vital ingredient for any economy seeking growth in this era of
global competitiveness. There indeed exists a strong positive correlation
between electricity usage and economic growth and development. However,
one key element that most studies fail to note is that, electricity availability is
not the sole panacea for industrial performance and growth of any economy.
Quality electricity supply goes beyond mere availability of electricity as most
texts fail to clearly distinguish between availability and quality electricity
supply. Quality electricity generated and supplied to households and industries
does have implications for the energy policy, demand site management and
the generation mix of any country.
4
In this book four (4) general key performance indicators have been identified
and discussed. Three (3) general quality elements of electricity have also been
discussed. Six (6) vital areas that are impacted by electricity have also been
identified in this book.
5
PART I
ELECTRICITY IN CONTEXT
Brains Behind Electricity
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse are the brains behind the electrical
energy we utilize today in our homes and businesses. This was achieved
through a simple electromagnetic power generators and a complicated
distribution system.
Benjamin Franklin is known to be the person who demonstrated that lighting
is electricity. Generation, transmission and the use of alternating current were
pioneered by Nikola Tesla. Charges in the clouds that are being
triboelectrically generated and discharged as lighting were harnessed by
Benjamin Franklin. Captured electricity was shown in Leyden jars. Whilst
Edison was known to have pioneered electricity generation and distribution as
well as the light bulbs which made electricity became a necessity in homes,
streets and businesses. Maxwell Ampere and others also worked to enhance
the understanding of the laws and nature of electricity.
Electricity Generation
Electricity generation is the production of useful current at some voltage.
Alternating current can be produced through a varying magnetic field and the
subsequent collection of electrical current from loops of wire.
6
Electricity generation globally has being increasing, as demand is on the rise.
Alternates to energy generation and management are sort to match the rising
demand.
World net electricity generation is projected to increase by 93% from 20.2
trillion kilowatt hours in 2010 to 39.0 trillion kilowatt hours in 2040 as shown
in the figure below.
Figure 1:World Net Electricity Generation in trillion (10
12
) kilowatt hours (Source: EIA,
2013)
In Ghana the total electricity generated in the year 2002 was 7,273GWhr. A
decade after (2012), the total electricity generated was 12,024GWhr and this
represented 65.3% increase in the electricity generated over the period.
7
Forms of Electricity Generation
Using fossil fuel for electricity generation is considered the conventional
electric power source and the majority of grid electricity is generated through
the use of electromagnetic generators by the combustion of fossil fuels.
Sources of electricity generation such as harnessing flowing water, light,
wind, thermal gradients and any other renewable fuel to produce electricity is
therefore referred to as alternative energy.
According to EIA (2009), fossil fuel sources such as Coal, Crude oil and
Natural gas together generated more than 65% of the world's net electricity
generated.
Figure 2: World net electricity generation by energy source (Source: EIA, 2006)
8
As of 2011, about 80% of the world's electricity energy is supplied by fossil
fuels. This is largely as a result of the uneven nature of raw material resources
use in electricity generation are distribution in the world and this creates
energy security challenges. It is therefore accurate to consider all other
sources of electricity generation as alternative to fossil fuel.
The conventional electric power sources that use fossil fuel such as crude oil,
coal or natural gas poses environmental challenges and hence alternative
sources such as renewable energy technologies are beginning to play key roles
in the world wide electrical power production. Strategic choices with regards
to investment into renewable energy must be considered.
Increases in investment into renewable energy technologies could have dual
benefits such as helping meet further energy demands and in minimizing the
risk that conventional energy supply poses.
It is refreshing to know that renewable energy is projected to be the fastest
growing form of electricity generation in the world by 2040. According to
EIA (2013), Renewable sources are projected to grow from 4.18 trillion
kilowatt hours in 2010 to 9.60 trillion kilowatt hours. The non-hydro sources
of renewable energy are the fastest growing energy generation source among
the renewables. The Table below shows some details of the renewable energy
projection made by EIA.
9
Table I: World net projection for renewable electricity generation in billion kilowatts
hours (Source: EIA, 2013)
World
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
Average Annual
Percentage
change, 2010
2040
Hydroelectric
3,402
3,805
4,452
4,762
5,177
5,692
6,232
2
Wind
342
767
1,136
1,383
1,544
1,694
1,839
5.8
Geothermal
66
112
133
146
171
195
220
4.1
Solar
34
157
240
288
327
394
452
9.1
Other
332
427
549
643
729
800
858
3.2
Total World
4,175
5,267
6,509
7,222
7,948
8,775
9,601
2.8
In Ghana (2013), data shows similar trend in renewable generation sources.
Per available data, the dominant form of electricity generation in Ghana is
Hydro. The current installed capacity in Ghana is 2,844.50 MW. Out of this,
about 55.44% is from hydro generation whilst 0.8% is from Solar. - Figure 5
shows the generation by source in Ghana over the decade whilst Table 2
shows the details on the various generating facilities and their installed
capacity in Ghana.
10
Table II: Generation facilities in Ghana and their respective installed capacity
(Source: Volta River Authority, 2014)
Generation Facility
Installed
Capacity (MW)
Installed Capacity
(%)
Akosombo Hydroelectric Power Plant
1020
35.8%
Kpong Hydroelectric Power Plant
160
5.6%
Takoradi Thermal Power Station (T1)
330
11.6%
Takoradi Thermal Power Station (T3)
132
4.6%
Takoradi Intl' Company (TICO/T2)
220
7.7%
Tema Thermal 1 Power Plant
126
4.4%
Tema Thermal 2 Power Plant
50
1.75%
Mines Reserve Power Plant
80
2.81%
Solar Power Plant
2.5
0.8%
Sunon-Asogli Power Plant (SAPP)*
200
7.03%
CENIT* 125
4.3%
Bui Hydroelectric Power Plant
399
14.02%
TOTAL
2844.5
100.0%
* Independent Power Producer
Figure 3: Trend in electricity generation by source in Ghana (Source: Energy Commission, 2013)
Details
- Pages
- Type of Edition
- Erstausgabe
- Year
- 2015
- ISBN (eBook)
- 9783954898558
- ISBN (Softcover)
- 9783954893553
- File size
- 1.5 MB
- Language
- English
- Publication date
- 2015 (January)
- Keywords
- power quality industrial performance
