Phytochemical Screening and Pharmacological Investigations on Hedychium coronarium
©2010
Academic Paper
73 Pages
Summary
The present study was carried out for phytochemical screening and pharmacological investigations on methanolic extract of rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium (Local name: Dolan Champa, Family: Zingiberaceae). In this study, the possible analgesic and CNS (Central Nervous System) depressant activities of the methanolic rhizome extract of Hedychium coronarium were investigated at the doses of 100 mg/Kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/Kg body weight on mice by oral administration. The analgesic activities were investigated for their central and peripheral pharmacological actions using tail immersion testing and acetic acid-induced writhing testing respectively. Its CNS depressant activity was evaluated by using hole cross and open field tests and the cytotoxic activity was observed using brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
Excerpt
Table Of Contents
CONTENTS
Serial No.
Title
Page no.
Abstract
11
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
12-22
1.1
General Introduction
12-15
1.2
Medicinal plants
15
1.3
The history of medicinal plants
16
1.4
Contribution of medicinal plants of modern medicine
16-17
1.5
Prospect of herbal drug research in Bangladesh
17-18
1.6
Economic significance of medicinal plants
18-19
1.7
Crude drug
19
1.8
Rationale of the present work
20-21
1.9
Aim of the present work
22
1.10
Plan of the present work
22
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
23-31
2.1
Plant review
23-28
2.2
Phytochemical properties
28-30
2.3
Pharmacological properties
31
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
32-64
3.1
Plant material
32-34
3.2
Materials used in the study
35-37
3.3
Phytochemical screening
38-43
Result and discussion
43
3.4
Pharmacological investigations
44-64
3.4.1
Analgesic activity test
44-52
Acetic acid induced writhing test
44-48
Result
49
Tail immersion test
49-50
Result
51
Discussion
52
3.4.2
Neuropharmacological study
53-58
Hole cross method
54-55
CONTENTS
Serial No.
Title
Page no.
Result
55
Open field method
55-56
Result
56-57
Discussion
57-58
3.4.3
Cytotoxic activity test
58-64
Brine shrimp lethality bioassay
58-64
Results and discussion
61-64
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUDING REMARKS
65
CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES
66-72
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
Page no.
1.1
Examples of Crude Drugs and Their Therapeutic Uses
20
3.1
Accession Code of the Plant
32
3.2
List of Apparatus Used for the Experiment
35
3.3
List of Glassware Used
35
3.4
List of Reagents Used for the Experiment
36
3.5
Detail information of the mice used for the Experiment
36
3.6
Type of Food Used for the Mice
37
3.7
Materials Used for Animal House
37
3.8
Reagents used for different group tests
38-39
3.9
Results of phytochemical screening
43
3.10
Experiment Profile to assess the effect of crude extract of
Hedychium coronarium on acetic acid induced writhing
of mice
47
3.11
Effect of methanol extract of Hedychium coronarium on
acetic acid induced writhing test in mice
49
3.12
Effects of the methanolic extract of Hedychium
coronarium on tail immersion test
51
3.13
Experiment Profile to assess the effect of crude extract of
Hedychium coronarium on CNS depressant activity test
on Mice
53
3.14
Effect of methanol extract of Hedychium coronarium on
Hole cross test in mice
55
3.15
Effects of methanol extract of Hedychium coronarium on
open field test in mice
56
3.16
Effect of Hedychium coronarium on brine shrimp
lethality test in Artemia salina
61
3.17
Result of Hedychium coronarium against on Artemia salina
62
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Title
Page no.
2.1
Plant of Hedychium coronarium
26
2.2
Leaves of Hedychium coronarium
26
2.3
Rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium
27
2.4
White color flower of Hedychium coronarium
27
2.5
Whole part of Hedychium coronarium
28
2.6
Structure of chemical compounds isolated from
Hedychium coronarium
29-30
3.1
Grinding by Using a Blender
33
3.2
Rhizomes extract of Hedychium coronarium
33
3.3
Extraction of Hedychium coronarium by maceration
34
3.4
Swiss albino mouse
36
3.5
Identification of experimental animals
37
3.6
Stock solution used for chemical group tests
42
3.7
Schematic representation of acetic acid induced writhing
of mice for investigation of analgesic activity
45
3.8
Preparing mice for writhing by injecting acetic acid
46
3.9
Synthesis of Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
47
3.10
Half Writhing Given by Mice
48
3.11
Full Writhing Given by Mice
48
3.12
Percentage inhibition of writhing reflex by Hedychium
coronarium
49
3.13
Tail immersion test on mice
50
3.14
Percentage of elongation by Hedychium coronarium in
tail immersion method
51
3.15
Hole Cross Test
54
3.16
Percentage of movements inhibitions by Hedychium
coronarium in hole cross method
55
3.17
Percentage of movements inhibitions by Hedychium
coronarium in open field method
57
3.18
Hatching of Brine Shrimps
60
3.19
Effect of methanolic extract of Hedychium coronarium
on Brine shrimp nauplii.
62
3.20
Effect of Vincristine Sulphate on Brine shrimp nauplii
63
ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out for phytochemical screening and pharmacological
investigations on methanolic extract of rhizomes of Hedychium coronarium (Local name: Dolan
Champa, Family: Zingiberaceae). In this study, the possible analgesic, CNS (Central Nervous
System) depressant activities of the methanolic rhizome extract of Hedychium coronarium were
investigated at the doses of 100 mg/Kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/Kg body weight on mice by
oral administration. The analgesic activities were investigated for its central and peripheral
pharmacological actions using tail immersion test and acetic acid-induced writhing test
respectively. Its CNS depressant activity was evaluated by using hole cross and open field tests
and the cytotoxic activity was observed using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The result of
preliminary phytochemical screening reveals that the methanolic rhizome extract contains
alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and steroids. The result of Acetic acid induced
writhing test reveals that the extract inhibited 26.15%, 47.94% and 73.12% of writhing at the
doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/Kg body weight respectively, whereas writhing
inhibition of the standard drug Diclofenac-Na was 73.36% at 25 mg/Kg body weight. On the
other hand, the result of tail flick test also shows that the potential analgesic activity of the
extract which is also comparable to the standard drug Diclofenac-Na (25 mg/kg body weight).
The results of CNS depressant activity show that the extract decreased dose dependent motor
activity and exploratory behavior of mice in both hole cross and open field test. The number of
hole crossed in hole cross test and field crossed in field cross test decreased as time approached.
The result of brine shrimp lethality bioassay reveals that the extract has dose dependent cytotoxic
activity. The LC
50
value of the methanolic rhizome extract was 0.39 g/ml, whereas the LC
50
of
the reference anticancer drug vincristine sulphate was 0.52 g/ml. These results suggest that the
extract possesses analgesic and CNS depressant activity on mice and also has brine shrimp
cytotoxic activity.
Key words: Hedychium coronarium, analgesic activity, neuropharmacological activity,
phytochemical screening, cytototoxic activity.
11
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1. 1 General Introduction
Plants and man are inseparable, because plants not only provide man with food, shelter and
medicine, but also the life sustaining oxygen gas. Since disease, decay and death have always
co-existed with life, the early man had to think about disease and its treatment at the dawn of
human intellect. (Kirtikar and Basu, 1980). Thus, the human race started using plants as a
means of treatment of disease and injuries from the very early days of civilization on earth
and in its long journey from ancient time to the modern age it has successfully used plants
and plants products as effective therapeutic tools for fighting disease and other health
hazards.
As therapeutic use of plants continued with the progress of civilization and development of
human knowledge, scientists endeavored to isolate different chemical constituents from
plants, put them to biological and pharmacological tests and identify therapeutically active
natural compounds, which have eventually used to prepare modern medicines. In course of
time synthetic analogues and derivatives of the natural compounds were also prepared. In this
way, ancient uses of Datura plants have led to the isolation of hyoscinic, hyoscyamine,
atropine and tigloidine, Cinchona barks to quinine and quinidine, Rauwolfia serpentina root
to reserpine and rescinnamine, Digitalis purpurea to digitoxin and digoxin; Opium to
morphine and codeine, Ergot to ergotamine and ergametrine, Sena to sennosides,
Catharanthus roseus to vincristine and vinblastine to mention a few. (Ghani, 1998).
In addition to these, there are many other plant-derived chemical substance of known
structures that are used as drugs or necessary components of many modern medicinal
preparations. These include camphor, capsaicin, eucalyptol, menthol, minor cardiac
glycosides, various volatile oils, etc.
Facilitated by the rapid development of technology of isolation and characterization process,
particularly chromatography and spectroscopic methods a large number of therapeutically
active plant constituents have been isolate during the last two decades. Simultaneous
advancement in the fields of medical, botany, chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacognosy and
pharmacology has tremendously helped the discovery, isolation, characterization, structure
12
elucidation and synthesis of new drugs plants, with the development of further newer
techniques and methods of plant analysis and with the tremendous increase in man's
knowledge of chemistry and pharmacology more and more medicinal compounds are likely
to be discovered from plants.
Although with the advent of synthetic drugs the use and procurement of plant -derived drugs
have declined to large extent, a large number of drugs of modern medicine are still obtained
from plant sources. As more data become available from phytochemical analysis and
pharmacological screening of medicinal plants, the number of plant-derived drugs of
modern medicine is increasing everyday.
How prominently plant-derived drugs still feature in modern medicine can be assessed from
the following facts (Ghani, 1998):
1.
A recent survey by the United Nations Commissions for Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) indicated that about 33% of drugs, produced in the development
countries, are derived from plants (UNCTAD/GATT 1974) and that if microbes are
added 60% of medicinal products are of natural origin. (Sofowara, 1982).
2.
According to some sources almost 80% of present-day of medicines
are directly or indirectly derived from plants (Mayers, 1892).
3. More than 47% of all drugs used in Russia, are obtained from botanical
Sources (Ampofo, 1979).
4. From
Stephania cepharantha and Stephania sasabi (Jap. Journ. Exp. Med. 1949,
1:69). In the United States, in 1980 alone, the consumer paid 8 billion dollars for
prescription drugs in which the active ingredients are still alive from plants
(Sofowara,1982).
5.
47% of some 300 million new prescriptions written by physicians in America in 1961,
contained as one as more active ingredients, a drug of natural origin (Fams-worth,
1966).
6.
In 1960 47% of drugs, prescribed by physicians in the United States, of America,
were from natural sources (Bingel et al, 1660).
13
7.
In 1967 25% of the products, which appeared in 1.05 billion prescriptions filled in
the United States, contained one or more ingredients derived from higher plants.
(Karolkovans et al, 1966).
8.
Even today 80% of the rural population of most developing countries of the world
depends as herbal medicine for maintaining its health and well being (Ghani, 1987).
9.
The consumption of medicinal plants in increasing in many developed countries,
where 35% of drugs contain active principles from natural origin (Irvine, 1995).
10.
The North America used 170 drugs from different plants, which are as official in the
USP or NF. Surprisingly this large quantity of modern drugs comes from less than
15% of the plants, which are known to have been investigated pharmacologically, out
of an estimated 250000 to 500000 species of higher plants growing on earth
(Farmsworth et al, 1985).
At present, thousands of plant metabolites are being successfully used in the Treatment of
variety of diseases (Farmsworth et al, 1985). A few striking Examples of plant metabolites
include taxol from Taxus brevifalia (Kumar et al, 1994), vincristine and vinblastine from
Vinca roseus (Staskar, 1980), of which are important anticancer agents being used clinically.
In the current popular field of chemotherapy, cepharanthine, isolated) is being used as a
prophylactic in the management of tuberculosis.
In china, about 15,000 factories are involved in producing herbal drugs, herbal medicines
have been developed to a remarkable standard by applying modern scientific technology in
many countries such as, China, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand and United Kingdom.
In these countries, the dependence on allopathic drug has been decreased to greater extent
(Borin, 1998) "Modern medicine still has much to learn from the collector of herbs" said
Dr.Hafdan Mohler, Director General of World Health Organization. Many of the plants,
familiar to the witch doctor really do have the healing power that tradition attaches to them.
The age-old art of the herbalist must be tapped (Mayers, 1982).
Thus it is apparent that whatever progress, science might have made in the field of medicine
over the years, plants still remain as the primary source of supply of many important drugs
14
used in modern medicine. Indeed the potential of obtaining new drugs from plant sources is
so great that thousands of substances of plant origin are now being studied for activity against
such formidable foes as heart disease, cancer and AIDS,(Ogden et al, 1981).This type of
studies are sure to bring fruitful results, because of the fact that plant kingdom represents a
virtually untapped reservoirs of new chemical compounds, many extraordinarily, dynamic
some providing novel bases on which the synthetic chemist may build even more interesting
structures (Said, 1995). In this way, modern medicine will continue to be enriched by the
introduction of newer and more potent drugs from plant sources.
1.2 Medicinal Plants
In nature plants of several variations are available which are responsible for various
pharmacological actions. They are termed as medicinal plants. On the other hand, some of
them produce harmful effects on animal system; they are termed as toxic or poisonous plants.
It has now been established that the plants which naturally synthesize and accumulate some
secondary metabolites like alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, volatile oil and contain minerals
and vitamins posses medicinal properties (Ghani, 1998).A medicinal plant may thus be
defined as a plant which, in one or more of its organs contains substances that can be used for
therapeutic uses or which are precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs.
However, ideally a definition of medicinal plants should include the following: (Sofowora,
1982)
a) Plants or plants parts medicinally in galenical preparation (e.g. decoction, infusion, etc.)
b) Plants used for extraction of pure substances either for direct medicinal use or for the
synthesis of medicinal compounds (e.g. synthesis of sex hormones).
c) Food, spice and perfumery plants used medicinally.
d) Microscopic plants, e.g. fungi, actinomycets, used for isolation of drugs, especially
antibiotics.
e) Fiber plants, e.g. cotton, flax, jute, used for the preparation of surgical dressings.
A large number of plants are used as medicinal agents in this world. Specifically in
Bangladesh about four hundred fifty species are used as medicinal plants (Ghani, 1998).
15
1.3 The history of medicinal plants
According to recorded history of human civilization, man was well aware of the medicinal
properties of many plants growing around him more than five thousand years ago. The
earliest mention of the medicinal use of plants is found in the Rig Veda (4500-1600BC),
which reported that the Indo-Aryans used the Soma plant as a medicinal agent (Chopra et al.,
1982).A large number of plants now known to contain important medicinal agents were
known to contain important medicinal agents were known to the Babylonians (Ca
3000BC).The famous Papyrus Ebers recorded the use of many plants which were used by the
ancient Egyptians as far back as 1500 BC Ayurvedic system of medicine described the use of
127 plants as curative agents as early as in 1200 BC.The first Chinese Pharmacopoeia
containing a list of 135 different plant medicines with their use and methods of preparation
appeared around 1122BC. More than 400 recipes of plant medicines used in the Greek
system of medicine were described by Hypocrites around 400BC (Le Strange, 1977). Arabian
Muslim Physicians like Al-Razi and Ibne Sina (9
th
to 12
th
century AD), brought out
revolution in the history of medicine by bringing new drugs of plant and mineral origin into
general use. The use of medicinal plants in Europe in the 13
th
and 14
th
centuries was based on
the "Doctrine of Signatures" or developed by Paraclsus (1400-1541 AD), a Swiss Al-Chemist
and Physician (Ghani, 1998). According to the superstitious doctrine all plants possessed
some sign, given by creator, which indicated the use, for which they were intended. Thus a
plant with heart shaped leaves should be used for heart ailments, the sap of blood root
(Sanguinary condenses). As a blood tonic, the liver leaf with its three lobed for liver troubles,
the walnut with numerous investigations and convolutions for brain diseases and
pomegranate seeds for dental diseases and so on. (Graves, 1990).
1.4 Contribution of medicinal Plants to modern medicine
The term medicine refers to a preparation or compound containing one or more drug (s) or
therapeutic agent (s) which is used in the treatment, cure and mitigation of various diseases
and internal injuries of man and other animals. The preparation may also contain substances
other than the drug (s). The drug (s) in the medicine is (are) the active therapeutic agent (s)
that cures (cure) the disease or heals (heal) the wound or injury. "Modern medicines" are
those medicinal preparations which are produced scientifically by using modern echnology
and know- how and which are in current use for the cure and management of
diseases.Modification, improvements, sophistifications and newer discoveries are
continuously changing the type, quality, of medicinal preparations. The real changes that
16
have taking place in medicines are those in their active ingredients, excipients and form of
presentation. And these are the areas where plants have been contributing enormously since
the human race first discovered medicine to ensure its existence on earth. (Ghani, 1998).
Isolation of the natural analgesic drug morphine from the latex of Papaver somniferum
capsules (Opium) in 1806 is probably the first moat important example of natural drugs
which plants have directly contributed to modern medicine .Isolation of other important plant
derived drugs of modern medicine rapidly followed and may useful drugs have since been
discovered and introduced into modern medicine. Drugs like Strychnine from Strychnos nux
vomica, (1817), emetine from Cephaelis ipecauanha (1817), caffeine from Thea sinensis
(1819), quinine from Cinchona spp.(1820) and colchicine from Colchicium autumnal (1820)
constitute some examples of such early drugs. The list of the plant-derived medicinal in
modern medicine is very big now. About 100 plant derived drugs of defined structures are in
common use today throughout the world and about half of them are accepted as useful drugs
in the industrialized countries. These include drugs like atropine, colchicine, deserpidine,
digitoxin, L-lopa, emetine, ephedrine, ergometrine, ergotamine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine,
physostigmine, picrotoxin, pilocarpine, pseudoephedrine, quinines, quinine, rescinnamine,
reserpine, sennosides, sparetine strophanthin, strychnine, theobromine, theophylline,
vinblastine, vincristine etc. Other plant derived drugs which are used widely but not generally
in Western modern medicine include anabasine, andrographolide, arecoline, berberine,
brucine, cannibal, cephaeline, cocanine, curcumin, glycyrrhizin, hesperidin, hydrazine,
nicotine, palmitine, quercetin, rutin santonin, vincamine, yohimlin etc.( Farnsworth and
Moris,1976; Farnsworth and Bingel, 1977 ).
1.5 Prospect of herbal drug research in Bangladesh
Approximately 80% of the world's population exclusively uses plants for various healing
purposes. In the industrially developed countries almost 35% of the drugs contain active
principles of natural origin and consumption of medicinal plants is increasing. (Irvinne,
1995). The practice of traditional medicine in China is firmly established. More than 5000
kinds of Chinese medicinal herbs are used medicinally. India and Thailand are two burning
examples of such countries in this subcontinent which earn cores of rupees by exporting
medicinal plants and their semi-processed products to other countries including Bangladesh.
There are still others such as china, India and Pakistan which utilize their own medicinal
plants for local manufacture of both. Eastern and Western medicines and pharmaceutical
products (Ghani, 1998). The suitable weather and fertile soil have made Bangladesh a great
source of medicinal plants .About five thousands herbs, shrubs, trees, aromatic and aquatic
17
plants are scattered throughout the forests, jungles, hills, cornfields, plain field, roadsides,
gardens, marshy lands and watery place of Bangladesh. These medicinal plants which contain
steroids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides acetogenin and resin are most useful
medicinal agents. The socio-economic condition has far-reaching effects on the health
condition of the Bangladesh population. Existing health care system is not very impressive.
Though there is steady increase of facilities, the situation has not improved much. Till now
only 30% of the entire population has been brought under primary Health Care (PHC) (Ali et
al., 1990). 20% of the populations of our country have access to the Western medicines and
rest 75-80% of the rural population still receives healthcare services from the indigenous
traditional Ethno medicine practitioners. They play a significant role in providing primary
health care services to rural people. They serve as important therapeutic agents as well as
imported raw materials for the manufacture of traditional and modern medicines. Substantial
amount of foreign exchange can be earned by exporting medicinal plants to other countries
(Ghani, 1998). From a survey in different villages of Bangladesh (Ahmed,1990),it has been
seen that if people suffer from illness approximately 14% of them go the qualified allopathic
doctors, 29% contact unqualified village doctors, 10% contacts mollahs, 29% approach quack
and 19% contact homeopaths. The survey represents an extensive use of medicinal plants,
most of which are served in a crude and substandard form by the different types of traditional
practitioners which is sometime hazardous for the health. For that, we should standardize our
traditional use of the medicinal plants. Thus to maintain a safer traditional practices we
should make more research with our medicinal plants to determine their chemical entities and
biological activities property.
1.6 Economic significance of medicinal plants
Medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds and thus serve as important raw
materials for drug production. They may constitute a valuable natural asset of a country and
contribute a great deal to its health care systems. Judicious and scientific exploitation of this
wealth can significantly improve the general health of the people. Being a valuable
commodity of commerce, a country can also earn a food amount of foreign currency by
exporting this natural wealth to other countries. The Government of Bangladesh officially
recognizes Unani and Ayurvedic system of medicine. They are dispensed as broken pieces,
coarse and fine powders, pills of different sizes, in the form of compressed tablets, as liquid
preparations, as semisolid masses and in the form of ointment and creams, neatly packed in
appropriate sachets, packets, aluminum foils, plastics or metallic containers and glass bottles.
The containers are fully labeled with indications, contaminations, doses and directions for
18
uses and storage, just like modern medicine. If we could make proper use of our medicinal
plants we could get medicines in low costs and then it might be possible to fulfill the demand
of our medication. Thus supplying low cost medicines to our population we could establish a
better health care system. And in order to achieve this goal, research and development on the
traditional medicines should be given in the proper privilege. The leaves, flowers, fruits and
roots are extensively used for treating cold, cough, whooping cough and chronic bronchitis
and asthma, as sedative-expectorant antispasmodic and as anthelmintic. The drug is
employed in different form, such as fresh juice, decoction, infusion and powder. Also was
given as alcoholic extract and liquid extract or syrup. The dried leaf is smoked as a cigarette.
It is also given along with other expectorants and forms a part of several proprietary
compounds. In chronic bronchitis, it is efficacious and affords relief, especially when the
sputum is thick and tenacious acting very much similar to ipecacuanha. The cough is relieved
and the sputum is liquefied and easily expelled. The leaf juice is stated to cure diarrhea,
dysentery.
1.7 Crude Drug
The substance of natural origin both from plant and animal source possesses therapeutic
properties and pharmacological actions. These substances in the natural state comprise whole
plants, their morphological or anatomical parts, saps, secretions etc. whole animals, their
anatomical parts, glands or other organs, extracts, secretions of their organs. These drugs are
used as therapeutic agents in many traditional medicinal preparations in everywhere (Ghani,
1998).A crude drug is a natural drug of plant, animal or mineral origin which has undergone
no treatment other than collection and drying, that is the quality or appearance of the drug has
not been advanced or improved by any physical or chemical treatment (Ghani, 1998).In
Bangladesh numerous crude drugs are prepared from local plant and animal sources while
many more are imported from foreign countries for use in the preparation of Unani,
Ayurvedic and Homeopathic medicines. Many of them are also used in Hekimi, Kaviraji and
Folk medicine practices in the country. Some of the official crude drugs available in
Bangladesh are Abroma bark, Acacia, Aloes, Amlaki, Arjuna, Asoka bark, Asparagas,
Babchi, Black Cumin, Calotropis, Capsicum, Cassia fruit, Castor, Cathranthus, Chaulmoogra,
Cinnamon, Colocynth, Colophony, Coriander, Eucalyptus, Fenugreek, Garlic allium, Ginger,
Henna, Herpestis, Hydrocotyle, Indian Ipecac, Indian Sarsaparilla, Indian Senega, Indian
Squill, Kalamegh, Kurchi bark, Lemongrass, Linseed, Myrobalan, Neem, Nux-vomica,
Papaya, Peppermint, Rauwolfia, Sesame, Stramonium, Turmeric, Vasaka, and Withania
(Ghani, 1998).
19
Table 1.1: Examples of Crude Drugs and Their Therapeutic Uses (Ghani, 1998)
Drugs
Plant Source
Therapeutic Use
Digitoxin, digoxin
Digitalis purpura,
Digitalis lanata
Cardiotonic
Morphine
Papaver somniferum
Sedative, narcotic, analgesic
Quinine, quinidine
Cinchona sp.
Antipyretic, antimalarial
Vinblastin, vincristine
Catharanthus roseus
Anticancer
Paclitaxel
Texus brevifolia
Anticancer
Theophylline
Camellia sinensis
Smooth muscle relaxant
Reserpine, Rescinnamine Rauwolfia sp.
Hypotensive, vasodilator
Menthol
Mentha piperita
Anti-pruritic, antiseptic
Colchicine
Colchicum autumnale
Anti-gout, anti-arthritic
Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine
Datura, Hyoscyamus,
Scopolia, Duboisia spp.
Parasympatholytic,
Mydriatic
Papaverine
Papaver somniferum
Smooth muscle relaxant
Pilocarpine
Pilocarpus jaborandi
Parasymparhomimetic,
cholinergic
Theobromine
Theobroma cacao
Smooth muscle relaxant,
1.8 Rationale of the Work
The use of medicinal herb in the treatment and prevention of disease is attracting attention by
scientists' worldwide (Sofowora, 1982). This is corroborated by World Health Organization
in its quest to bring primary health care to the people. The plant kingdom has long serve as a
prolific source of useful drugs, foods, additives, flavoring agents, colorants, binders, and
lubricants. As a matter of fact, it has been estimated that about 25% of all prescribed
medicine today are substances derived from plants. Chemicals that make a plant valuable as
medicinal plant are:
1. Alkaloids (Compound has addictive or pain killing or poisonous effect and sometimes
help in important cures),
2. Glycosides (Use as heart stimulant or drastic purgative or better sexual health),
20
Details
- Pages
- Type of Edition
- Erstausgabe
- Publication Year
- 2010
- ISBN (Softcover)
- 9783960670360
- ISBN (PDF)
- 9783960675365
- File size
- 1.5 MB
- Language
- English
- Institution / College
- Stamford University Bangladesh – Department of Pharmacy
- Publication date
- 2016 (April)
- Grade
- A
- Keywords
- Pharmacological properties Phytochemistry Hedychium coronarium White ginger lily White garland-lily Dolan Champa Zingiberaceae Pharmacognosy Analgesic activity Neuropharmacological activity Cytototoxic activity
- Product Safety
- Anchor Academic Publishing
