Telecommunication Technology in Nigeria. A Survey on Internet Access and Social Networking among Polytechnic Students
©2017
Textbook
50 Pages
Summary
This study reviews the telecommunication system in Nigeria historically and surveys internet access in Nigeria as well as social networking and its usage among polytechnic undergraduate students at four selected Nigerian universities. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed using a stratified sampling method to select the respondents. Several schools or faculties were covered. A total of 321 questionnaires were returned and, thus, utilized.
Excerpt
Table Of Contents
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION ... 7
1.1 BACKGROUND ... 7
1.2 SOCIAL NETWORKING ... 8
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT ... 9
1.4 THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ... 9
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW ... 10
2.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ... 11
2.2 INTERNET ACCESS IN NIGERIA ... 18
2.3 SOCIAL NETWORKS ... 20
CHAPTER THREE
METHOD AND RESEARCH DESIGN ... 24
3.1 SURVEY AREAS ... 24
3.2 SAMPLING FRAME OR SAMPLING DESIGN ... 24
3.3 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT ... 25
3.4 MAJOR CONSTRAINTS /LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH ... 25
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 26
4.1 INTERNET ACCESS ... 26
4.2 SOCIAL NETWORKING ... 37
4.3 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIAL NETWORKS ... 41
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK ... 44
REFERENCES... 46
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Title
Page
Figure 1: Current data subscriber volume in Nigeria as of April 2015 ... 20
Figure 2: Incidence of Internet Usage ... 26
Figure 3: Internet Weak-users ... 28
Figure 4: Internet Strong-users ... 31
Figure 5: Places Where Internet is accessed ... 33
Figure 6: Type of Internet Connection Used at Home ... 34
Figure 7: Intention of Using the Internet ... 37
Figure 8: How Often Respondents Make Comment on the Sites of Friends'/Networks... 40
Figure 9: Motivations for Participating in Online Social Network ... 41
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
Page
Table 1:
Incidence of Internet Usage ... 26
Table 2:
Report of weak-user ... 27
Table 3:
Basis for No / Weak Internet Access ... 29
Table 4:
Report of Internet Strong-Users ... 30
Table 5:
Place Where Internet is Accessed ... 32
Table 6:
Type of Internet Connection Used at Home ... 34
Table 7:
Intention of Using the Internet ... 35
Table 8:
Incidence of Membership in Online Social Network ... 38
Table 9:
Social Network Sites Hosting Respondents' Account ... 38
Table 10: Ways of Participating in a Social Network ... 39
Table 11: How Often Respondents Make Comment on the Sites of Friends'/Networks... 40
Table 12: Motivations for Participating in Online Social Network ... 41
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Since its inception a little over a century ago, Nigeria's telecommunications system has progressed
through various stages of development from the primitive communications equipment in its colonial
days to the enormous variety of technologies available today. The total number of subscribers to
telephone lines as at the end of December 1986 was put at around 230,000 while Telex subscribers
were only 5,300 in number (Tariffs, 2015). Total installed capacity for telephone then was 320,834 and
telex 11,577. The percentage utilization for telephone therefore was 71.6 per cent while telex was
approximately 45.7 per cent. However, modernity in telecommunications has provided facilities that
make for new class of service, improved revenue generation with properly reviewed tariff policy. Now,
in 1996, the country has almost 1,000,000 subscribers to telephone lines all of which are handled by
standard A antennae facing both the Indian and the Atlantic Ocean Regions installed at four (4 NO.)
different geographical locations across the country. Nigeria operates a Domestic Satellite System by
leasing three (3 No.) transponders from INTELSAT which are accessed by nineteen (19 No.) Standard
B earth stations in some state capitals of the Federation, AMEMBASSY (1994). There is a Territorial
Manager responsible for Telecommunications Administration in each state except Lagos state where
because of the relatively large number of switching centres and subscribers in the metropolis, it was
considered prudent to have at least two (2No.) Territorial managers. Nigeria embraced Digital
Technology since the 1980s with the introduction of Digital Switches and Transmission Systems
(Radio and Optic fibre) into the network. Since the beginning of the 90s, Mobile Telephone Services
(Cellular), Paging and Electronic Mail have also been part of the services offered by NITEL (Nigerian
Telecommunications Plc). New priorities among students, therefore, are hinged on the popularity of
technology and connectivity. The coming of the Cyber Age in the Nigeria has also brought a "digital
divide." such as social networking among others.
1.1
BACKGROUND
The development of telecommunications in Nigeria began in 1886 when a cable connection was
established between Lagos and the colonial office in London. By 1893, government offices in Lagos
were provided with telephone service, which was later extended to Ilorin and Jebba in the hinterland. A
slow but steady process of development in the years that followed led to the gradual formation of the
nucleus of a national telecommunications network. In 1923, the first commercial trunk telephone
service between Itu and Calabar was established. Between 1946 and 1952, a three-channel line carrier
system was commissioned between Lagos and Ibadan and was later extended to Oshogbo, Kaduna,
Kano, Benin, and Enugu; thus connecting the colonial office in London with Lagos and the commercial
centers in the country with local authority offices (Kadiri 2015).
The main transmission medium during the pre-independence era was unshielded twisted pair. This
evolved later from rural carrier systems on high gauge lines to line carrier systems of twelve-channel
capacity. Small- to medium-capacity systems employing VHF and UHF radio were introduced around
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1955. The first serious attempt at planning telecommunications services in the country was the 1955-62
development programme. It provided for the expansion of the trunk using a VHF Multichannel Radio
System on a nationwide basis and a short microwave link between Lagos and Ibadan. In the early days,
the primitive coordinate pegboard switching system was used. This progressed through manual
switchboards of different sizes, shapes, and capacities until Strowger exchanges were installed into the
national network at Lagos Island, I keja, Ebute Metta, Apapa, and Port Harcourt between 1955-60
along with 116 manual exchanges (Ajayi et al, 2015). The installation of the Strowger exchanges
marked the beginning of automatic telephone switching in Nigeria. By the time of independence,
automatic exchanges were established at the main centers and a subscriber trunk dialing system (STD)
was introduced between Lagos and Ibadan. The telegraph service also witnessed a parallel
development, from telegraph delivery by way of manual coordinate pegboard switching to the use of
Morse code for telex switching. By about 1960, a manual telex exchange of sixty subscriber lines was
in service in Lagos. While all the above efforts were essentially aimed at improving internal telephone
services in Nigeria, external telephone services in the pro-independence period were wholly owned by
Cable and Wireless of the United Kingdom, which was a colonial private company.
The roadmap to Nigeria's (Africa's most populous country) ICT development is tied to her
telecommunications infrastructure development. Telecommunication was introduced into Nigeria in
1886. At independence (1960), Nigeria had 18,724 telephone lines, which increased to 400,000 in
1996, and to almost 900,000 in 2004. In 1992, the Federal government privatized the
telecommunications sector, so as to attract private investment and expand the network more rapidly
(Adeyeye, 2005). Hence, the Nigerian Telecommunications Commission (NCC) was set up by Decree
75 of 1992 to regulate the telecommunications industry and to ensure the provision of adequate,
efficient and effective telecommunications services nationwide at an affordable price. It has issued
licenses to private companies to undertake various functions such as telephone service, mobile
telephone services, satellite services (VSAT), Internet services, etc. It has so far licensed 38 Internet
service providers (ISPs) but only 12 of them are currently active (Bukky, 2006).
1.2
SOCIAL
NETWORKING
Online social networks present a new and growing environment wherein people exchange social
information and manage impressions. It is a form of Internet application that helps connect individuals
(Wikipedia, 2015). Facebook (www.facebook.com), the most popular social network service among
Nigerians, is estimated to be used by most students. There are over 58 million registered Facebook
users worldwide. The biggest percentage of users in Africa is from the Nigerians with 39% of the sites
traffic. Other social networks include My Space, Live journal, multiply, and Facebook. Facebook users
upload photos and provide personal information, eg age, gender, hometown and interests. Users can
also send messages to another Facebook, write a testimonial, and browse through profiles of the other
Facebook's own list of friends (Garcia 2006). On Facebook, users are given the tools to create their
own identities outside the confines of social status and physical appearance. A study by Garcia (2006)
found that only heavy male users revealed more personal information over Facebook. Unlike their
female counterparts, the heavy male users tried to project a desirable image of themselves through
interesting write-ups and photos. The study further found that all user groups browsed through the
profiles when seeking information about others online. More than anything else, they looked at the
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testimonials. All user groups considered photos contained in the profiles and testimonials as important
in forming impressions of others.
1.3
PROBLEM
STATEMENT
The penetration of modern telecommunication system is of economic and social important a nation.
Communication media virtually dominate every major activity of polytechnic students. The brief
review on telecommunication, Internet access and online social networking is of need to examine
historical development of telecommunication in Nigeria context and to determine its extent with mode
of impacts on students and youth today from play to leisure, family relations to schooling,
socialization to education. Indeed, media have become so powerful that they can shape and influence
the individual's attitudes, beliefs, values and lifestyles. The communication media landscape for
today's Polytechnic students and youth includes print, radio, television, video games, Laptop
Computers and the on-line technology of e-mail and various Internet applications.
1.4
THE
RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
This research was designed to briefly review telecommunication system in Nigeria and focus on
Internet access and social networking among Polytechnic students in Nigeria.
The specific objectives of the study are the following:
i. To briefly review Nigeria Telecommunication System Historically
ii. To describe access to Internet by Polytechnic students including access points, the type of
Internet connection, and internet access
iii. To determine the incidence of utilization internet applications through social networking
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Telecommunications in Nigeria include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
Radio stations:
· network of federal government-controlled national, regional, and state radio stations; roughly 40
state government-owned radio stations typically carry their own programs except for news
broadcasts; about 20 private radio stations; transmissions of international broadcasters are
available (2007);World Factbook (2014)
· 83 AM, 36 FM, and 11 shortwave stations (2001), World Factbook (2007)
Radios: 23.5 million (1997), Wikipedia, 2015.
Television stations: nearly 70 federal government-controlled national and regional TV stations; all 36
states operate TV stations; several private TV stations operational; cable and satellite TV subscription
services are available (2007),World Factbook (2014).
Television sets: 56.9 million (2007).
Nigeria's media scene is one of the most vibrant in Africa. Because newspapers and television are
relatively expensive and literacy levels low, radio remains the most important medium of mass
communication and information. International broadcasters, including the BBC, are popular. TV
viewing is concentrated in urban areas, BBC News (2013).
The largest broadcasting companies are the government-owned Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria
(FRCN) Radio (2013) and the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), http://www.nta.com.ng/. The
NTA has two television services. One is NTA 1, which is distributed among NTA's six television
zones. The other is NTA 2, which is distributed nationwide and is funded mostly by advertising.
NITEL owns a majority of the transmitters that broadcast FRCN and NTA programming. Each state
also has a broadcasting company that broadcasts one or two locally operated terrestrial stations, BBC
News (2013). This means that there are about 50 government owned, but partly independent television
stations. Private players in the Nigerian television scene include: Silverbird Television (STV),
Silverbird (2013) Africa Independent Television (AIT), DAAR (2013) Channels Television, Channels
(2013) Superscreen Television, Superscreen (2013) and several others. Most of their programming is
aimed for the African and global markets and is broadcast globally from Lagos, Abuja, Obosi and Port
Harcourt centers with affiliated TV stations in several African countries. African Independent
Television, AIT (2013), is a high profile satellite television station broadcasting globally from its Lagos
and Abuja centers. Other direct satellite television stations with international reach operating in Nigeria
are Murhi International Television, ON Television, Galaxy TV, TV Continental, etc. all in Lagos. BBC
News (2013). There is general access to cable television BBC News (2013) like DSTV, DSTV (2013) a
South African cable television station, broadcast over satellite. HiTV, (http://www.hitv.com.ng)
DaarSat, DAAR (2013) Star Times, http://www.infinitytv.tv, and Infinity TV are other examples of
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cable TV in Nigeria. M-Net ceased operations in December 2011, but had offices in most Nigerian
cities, and was watched by a large number of people.
2.1
HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE
Since its inception a little over a century ago, Nigeria's telecommunications system has progressed
through various stages of development from the primitive communications equipment in its colonial
days to the enormous variety of technologies available today. In this chapter, the processes of Nigeria's
telecommunications development and its progress, problems, and prospects are examined and
discussed from its emergence to the expansion and modernization efforts of the 1990s.
2.1.1 Pre-independence Era
The development of telecommunications in Nigeria began in 1886 when a cable connection was
established between Lagos and the colonial office in London. By 1893, government offices in Lagos
were provided with telephone service, which was later extended to Ilorin and Jebba in the hinterland. A
slow but steady process of development in the years that followed led to the gradual formation of the
nucleus of a national telecommunications network (Ajayi, 2004). In 1923, the first commercial trunk
telephone service between Itu and Calabar was established. Between 1946 and 1952, a three-channel
line carrier system was commissioned between Lagos and Ibadan and was later extended to Oshogbo,
Kaduna, Kano, Benin, and Enugu; thus connecting the colonial office in London with Lagos and the
commercial centers in the country with local authority offices. The main transmission medium during
the preindependence era was unshielded twisted pair. This evolved later from rural carrier systems on
high gauge lines to line carrier systems of twelve-channel capacity. Small- to medium-capacity systems
employing VHF and UHF radio were introduced around 1955. The first serious attempt at planning
telecommunications services in the country was the 1955-62 development programme. It provided for
the expansion of the trunk using a VHF Multichannel Radio System on a nationwide basis and a short
microwave link between Lagos and Ibadan. In the early days, the primitive coordinate pegboard
switching system was used. This progressed through manual switchboards of different sizes, shapes,
and capacities until Strowger exchanges were installed into the national network at Lagos Island, Ikeja,
Ebute-Metta, Apapa, and Port Harcourt, between 1955-60 along with 116 manual exchanges. The
installation of the Strowger exchanges marked the beginning of automatic telephone switching in
Nigeria. By the time of independence, automatic exchanges were established at the main centers and a
subscriber trunk dialing system (STD) was introduced between Lagos and Ibadan.
The telegraph service also witnessed a parallel development, from telegraph delivery by way of manual
coordinate pegboard switching to the use of Morse code for telex switching. By about 1960, a manual
telex exchange of sixty subscriber lines was in service in Lagos. While all the above efforts were
essentially aimed at improving internal telephone services in Nigeria, external telephone services in the
pre-independence period were wholly owned by Cable and Wireless of the United Kingdom, which
was a colonial private company.
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2.1.2 Post-colonial Era
The 1960s
The focus of attention in this period was the expansion of the network to meet the needs of the fledging
commercial and industrial. The specific objectives included: installation of additional 60,000 telephone
lines to bring the total number of lines to 90,000 by the end of the decade; expansion of trunk dialing
facilities to link the major urban centers that were then springing up; and establishment of the Nigerian
External Telecommunications (NET) Limited, (Ajayi, 2004).
The 1970s
During the first half of the decade efforts were concentrated on the reconstruction and rehabilitation of
the telephone equipment and other infrastructure damaged during the civil war. In order to achieve the
objectives of the second plan period, developments in five major areas were considered. In telegraph
communication, the torn tape system was to be replaced with tele-printer automatic switching systems,
and key and sounder circuits were to be converted to tele-printers. Due to underfunding, however, the
only objective of the 1970-75 plan period that was completed was the national telex network.
The 1980s
In addition to the primary objective, the development plan was designed to provide a total of 370,550
additional telephone lines, a terrestrial toll and trunk transmission network to link all switching centers
throughout the country, and Telex/Gentex exchanges for about 9,000 telex lines with external line plant
and tele printer machines. During this period, the telecommunications arm of the Department of Posts
and Telecommunications was merged with the Nigerian External Telecommunications (NET) to form,
in 1985, the Nigerian Telecommunications Ltd. (NITEL), a limited liability company that today
administers both internal and external telecommunications services in Nigeria.
2.1.3 The Present
The Nigerian national telecommunications network of the mid-1990s is made up of the following
elements, (Ajayi, 2004):
a. Telephone Services
Total capacity has risen to 780,000 lines (1993)
Other services include: 10,000 cellular Mobile Telephones and 15,000 voicemail lines. Digital
exchanges were provided in 47 Local Government Headquarters.
b. Telex Services
There are 14 Telex exchanges with total installed capacity of 12,800 and 20 voice frequency telegraph
terminals.
c. Transmission Systems
i. Microwave
There are 264 terminal stations and 172 unmanned repeater stations. The channel capacities range
from 300 to 1800 channels with capability to accommodate one colour TV on the 960 and 1800
channel systems.
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ii. Coaxial
This was to provide 960 channels between Lagos and Kaduna but the system has problems due to
lightning along some parts of the route.
iii. Optical Fibre Cable
Optical fibre cables were developed to link Primary/Secondary Exchanges in Lagos zone.
iv. Domsat
This system consists of 19 standard `B' earth stations and operates on the three leased
transponders from INTELSAT. The 36 MH2 bandwidth transponders were initially grossly
underutilized. They were originally mainly used for television transmission for only a few hours
daily. However, they are now utilized for both television and telephone.
d. International Services
i. International Satellite System
This originally had two gateways at Lanlate and Kujama linked to switching centers at Lagos
(NECOM) and Kaduna respectively as shown in figure 2. In 1992 two new gateways were
commissioned - one at Victoria Island, Lagos to cater for the ever increasing traffic in the South
West and the other in Enugu to cater for the traffic in the Eastern part of the country.
ii. Submarine Cable
This provides a transmission system from Lagos through Abidjan, Dakar, Casablanca to Europe.
2.1.4 Extent of Current Telecommunication Services In Nigeria
The existing services offered by NITEL are telephony, telex and telex delivery services, telegraphy and
registered telegraphic addresses, pay phones and public coin telephones, transmission and reception of
real-time television for network services, private leased telephone and telex service, private wire,
leased telephone and telegraph services, alternate voice data (AVD) circuits, voice cast and press
reception, international public counter services, NIFAX service (facsimile), a data switching syste m,
electronic mail (national service only) and cellular.
Maritime Services
Nigeria's shore-to-shore and ship-to-shore maritime communication services are provided via the High
Frequency Radio System. The limitations of the present system are poor transmission quality, low
reliability, and lack of automatic access to the national telecommunications network. In 1988, Nigeria
joined the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), which operates a system of
satellites to provide mobile communications for the world's shipping and off-shore industries. Through
the INMARSAT system, NITEL offers Maritime Mobile Service (MMS) as well as satellite mobile
communication.
International Services
The international services provided by Nigeria's telecommunications system include telephony with
international direct dialing in some cities, telex and telex delivery, telegraph and registered telegraph
addresses, leased telephone and telegraph services, television transmission and reception with system
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conversion facilities, alternate voice and data, voice cast, press reception, high-speed data transmission,
and facsimile transmission facilities.
Scope of National Service
Nigeria's telephone penetration rate was still low, in 1994, at about 8 direct exchange lines (DELs) per
thousand inhabitants. Its major challenge in extending its facilities continued to be the provision of
telecommunication services in the rural are as, where there is little or no penetration. In the mid-1990s,
however, the telecommunications facilities in the urban areas continued to be inadequate as well.
Nigeria's telecommunications services--especially telephony--are not sufficient to meet the ne eds of all
those who require them, especially in the big cities like Lagos, Ibadan, Enugu, Kano, and so on. This
has led to long waiting periods for obtaining facilities (which was above 10 years in 1993) and
congestion of existing exchanges. Finally, new telecommunications facilities such as facsimile,
international business services and high-rate data transmission are not readily available.
Nevertheless, in recent years, attempts were made by the Nigerian authorities to spread the
telecommunications facilities throughout the country, and in the mid-1990s all the twenty-one state
capitals as well as Abuja and many of the 589 local government headquarters were connected to the
national network. The major obstacle hampering the extension of the system was lack of funds and
absence of the engineering infrastructure needed for the development and production of spares and
components.
Cellular Telephony
Cellular telephony was first introduced in 1992 with the formation of Mobile Telecommunications
Service (MTS). MTS is a joint-venture between NITEL and Digital telecommunications of Atlanta; in
1994, MTS had a nation-wide monopoly over cellular service. MTS began with a capacity of 10,000
lines; and due to the high level of unmet telecommunications demand, the system was filled to capacity
within one year. Subsequently, in February 1994, MTS added an additional 20,000 lines and had plans
to add an additional 25, 000 lines. Even with this additional capacity, it is common to receive a fast
busy signal during peak hours due to network congestion. Nigeria's cellular market is expected to grow
at a rate of 25% annually through 1997. The major markets are in Lagos (among the young urban elite),
the oil-based communities of Port Harcourt and Warri; and the cities of Kano and Abuja. In 1992, the
market for cellular equipment was US $5 million. In 1993, over half of the cellular equipment was
supplied by U.S. companies; and over half of the equipment purchased was produced by Motorola. As
of early 1995, NITEL maintained a monopoly over the following services: 1) the provision and
operation of public switches and trunks and their associated infrastructure; 2) and the provision and
operation of international network links.
2.1.5 Future Trend
In the mid-1990s, NITEL continued to hold a monopoly over basic telecommunications services.
However, on September 23rd 1994, the NCC announced plans to license another carrier within four
years. It was hoped that an additional national carrier would improve telecommunications penetration
and hasten the expansion of service. Possible spurred by the imminent licensing of a second carrier, in
1994, NITEL announced plans to invest naira 40 billion over a five year period. The money is to come
from both internal and external (unilateral lending institutions and the private sector) sources.
15
In 1994, the NCC planned to expand the telecommunications services in the country, increasing
penetration, for example, to about 8.5 per one hundred inhabitants by the turn of the century. In 1994, it
disclosed plans to provide 1.2 million new lines by 1997. As a part of this plan, the NCC intends to
license several new cellular operators in order to reach a goal of 100, 000 cellular lines by the year
2000. The telecommunication scenario in Nigeria is not likely to be too different from what exists in
many developing countries. It is necessary to give the utmost priority to the development of
telecommunications in Nigeria because of its multiplying effects on industrial and economic growth.
2.1.6 Telecommunications Needs, Problems and Constraints
The long term goal of a telecommunication enterprise is not only to be self-financing but also to
generate a reasonable return on investment. To achieve this goal, there must be careful consideration of
the sources of investment and the conditions that are attached to them. Its long term interests should
always be kept in mind in the choice of sources of capital which ideally should be diverse and a
combination of different sources.
It is generally believed that the telecommunication enterprise should have a pricing and tariff policy
that is consistent with national objectives set by the government and the cost of providing the services.
It is only normal that returns from some parts of the network should subsidize shortfalls that may occur
in other parts of the network, such as in the case of rural areas. This norm has always been observed in
Nigeria. In addition, mechanisms are essential for identifying the need for investment projects, for
evaluating them, for predicting accurately what they will cost and for determining priorities for their
execution. Happily enough, the procurement procedures often embarked upon in Nigeria secure an
optimum balance between low initial cost, reliability and running cost like maintenance and power.
2.1.7 Managing Telecommunications: Regulatory and Policy Environment
It is generally accepted that an accessible telecommunications capability is a prerequisite for national
economic growth and, therefore, investment in the telecommunications infrastructure is paramount in
any society. Those countries that developed their telecommunications services in the private domain of
the economy, notably the U.S.A, have demonstrated that communication is big business and highly
profitable. High net worth customers are naturally attractive to the telecommunications entrepreneur,
but on account of the social benefits of communication, which are central for interpersonal relations
and society's integrity, society has to protect and provide for low density and less affluent users also. In
Nigeria there have been at least four National Telecommunication Development Plans since 1960 in
which efforts have been made to accord telecommunications some measure of priority at least in
financial terms. However, objectives in one plan period were invariably unaccomplished during that
period and hence have to spill-over to the next. In terms of achievements in relation to investment,
results lagged behind expectations due to various reasons. Thus although telecommunication
development in Nigeria has followed some pattern, its course was not in accordance with any definite
telecommunications policy. It is in order to stem this tide that the present administration, like the
previous ones, included among its policy objectives, the establishment of a national
telecommunications policy for Nigeria.
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2.1.8 Telecommunications & Information Technology Needs and Priorities in Nigeria
That the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria attaches great importance to
telecommunications industry in the country because of its potential in promoting the commercial,
industrial, socio-economic as well as political development and unity of Nigeria cannot be
overemphasized. In addition, the government fully supports the need to meet the customers and
business demands for good quality telecommunications services, reduced time for telephone
installation and service delivery, diversification and complexity of user's needs, advances in
technology, and demand for improved business efficiency in the face of tight budgets, cost reductions
and competitiveness as well as the trend world over. Telecommunications has been described above as
so vital to human existence: its very essence hinges on the basic fundamental rights of individuals,
nonetheless there is a correlation between the state of a country's telecommunications infrastructure and
its state of development, just as a relationship can be established between a country's gross domestic
product and its relative position in an increasingly globalized economy and boarder-less world. At the
current 0.66 telephone lines per 100 population, Nigeria's telecommunications industry can be said to
be in the state of development. This is also evident in the quality of life of Nigerians and the nature of
the business environment. Given the capital intensive nature of the industry and the enormity of the
shortfall in Nigeria there is no doubt that the development of telecommunications services in Nigeria is
too heavy a burden to be borne by Government alone. Indeed many Government administrations have
to change their methods of operating, in response to declining resources and increasing demands for
public services. One evident outcome of the influence of the development in communication policy
formulation in the Third World is the fact that for the past two decades governments in these countries
have been forced, either by persuasion or pressure, to invest heavily in the acquisition of modern
telecommunication facilities with the aim of modernizing their mass communication institutions and
enhancing their technical capacities to generate and disseminate information widely. As a result, the
technological growth of the communication systems in the developing world in the past few decades
has been so phenomenal that on comparative terms the "change has been rapid in the less developed
countries and slow in the advanced countries". But this development in the technical capacities of Third
World National communication system has been largely unplanned and, has been in utter neglect of
some important dimensions of the communicative process. For example, the acquisition of more
modern technical facilities for the modernization of national communication systems in Third World
countries has been undertaken without much consideration being given to the structural character of the
society within which the institution has to operate and in relation to the desirable state of corporate
existence shared by a broad segment of the citizenry and borne out of their historical and contemporary
experiences.
2.1.9 Telecommunication and the Economy
Telephone and other telecommunication services such as internet have in no small measure contributed
immensely to the acceleration of business activities and hence growth in the economy. Traders in the
rural areas can now order for goods from the urban areas without necessary travelling for such
transaction. Information on prices, availability and in most cases demand for goods and services as well
as expertise advice are shared on the telephone without physical presence. The business organizations
in the urban areas are not left from goodies. Telephones conferencing had made it possible for an
organization to hold meetings for workers from different locations, for example, Benin, Port-Harcourt,
17
Warri and Lagos without the worker travelling to a particular location for such meetings. This has
saved most organizations the time, money, inconveniences and the risk of accidents on roads or flight.
Studies on the use of the Internet in Africa included that of Jagboro (2003), who stated that among the
majority of postgraduate students of Obafemi Awolowo University, the Internet is ranked fourth among
the sources they use to search for materials. Ojedokun (2002) studied use of the Internet by students of
the University of Botswana. His study revealed that 23% (340 students) of the respondents were not
using the Internet. Ajuwon 2003) studied Internet use by first year clinical and nursing students of the
University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. Her study revealed that 60% of the respondents had
used the Internet. Odusanya and Bamgbala (2002) found that 58% of the medical and dental students in
their final year at the University of Lagos, Nigeria whom they studied had used Internet. Bello et al.
(2004) also assessed the knowledge and attitudes of health care professionals and students in Obafemi
Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The students involved were in their fourth and
fifth years of medical training.
Internationally, studies of the use of Internet by undergraduates have also been done. Bennett (2001)
found that 75% of Americans ages 18 to 29 and 65% of those ages 3049 regularly go online to find
information. Haoffman et al. 2000) indicated that there is a gap in access to and use of the Internet
among black and white students. That the gap does not decrease as education increases, but it is
actually widest among those with at least a college degree. Bao (1998) surveyed Internet use at Seton
Hall University. The findings reported that 40.2% of respondents used the Web on a daily basis, 38.3%
weekly, and 10.7% on a monthly basis. About 10% respondents said they seldom or never used the
Internet. It was also discovered that students and faculty searched the Internet for information related to
both their academic (83.2%) and nonacademic studies (73.8%). Korgen, Odell, and Schumacher (2001)
also investigated Internet use among students, focusing on whether or not there are differences by
race/ethnicity. They reported that use is affected by presence or absence of a Laptop Computer in the
home of origin. Stern's (2002) study was on the information competence of incoming students into
universities and how they use the Internet for general and academic research. She dwelt on the fact that
information has increased at an astounding rate and that educators recognize that it is not enough to
introduce students to discreet chunks of information from traditional sources such as paper-based books
or journals. Lifelong learners must be equipped with skills to effectively and intelligently find,
evaluate, manage, apply, create, publish and store, and retrieve information using both conventional
research resources as well as digital tools, such as the Internet, that access very diverse databases of
information.
Odell, Korgen, Schumcher, and Delucchi (2000) studied Internet use among female and male college
students at institutions of higher learning in Georgia, Hawaii, New Jersey, Massachusetts and Rhode
Island. They found that while the gap in use of the Internet has nearly closed, there remain differences
in how male and female undergraduates use the Internet. Tadasad et al (2003) studied Internet use at
PDA College of Engineering, Gulbarga. Their observation was that Internet use is confined to general
or recreational purposes, and that its potential in supporting curricular requirements has not been
realized by students. Though the world is going through an information revolution which will
drastically change the way we think and live, unfortunately the continent of Africa has not been able to
18
benefit much because facilities have not been made available. There are many factors at work against
the realization of full usage of the Internet in Africa, amongst which are infrastructure problems and
cost of connectivity. The communication media virtually dominate every major activity of Polytechnic
students and youth today from play to leisure, family relations to schooling, socialization to
education. Indeed, media have become so powerful that they can shape and influence the individual's
attitudes, beliefs, values and lifestyles. The communication media landscape for today's Polytechnic
students and youth includes print, radio, television, video games, Laptop Computers and the on-line
technology of e-mail and various Internet applications.
The findings of the 2006 McCann-Erickson Intergenerational Youth Study corroborate the increased
popularity among the youth of activities relating to virtual connectivity. The study found that top
leisure activities for teens after school remain to be traditional media that is, watching TV and listening
to the radio. However, there is an emerging prominence of technology-related activities like use of cell
phones and Internet, indicating greater interest and participation in the so-called techno centric life.
New priorities among Polytechnic students and youth, therefore, are hinged on the popularity of
technology and connectivity.
2.2
INTERNET
ACCESS
IN
NIGERIA
The coming of the Cyber Age in the Nigerians has also brought a "digital divide." Only 7 percent of
households owned personal Laptop Computers, as of 2003 (FLEMMS). The 4As Media Fact book
(2004) cited that Laptop Computer ownership among households in SAAPADE was 17 percent and
only 7 percent in Urban Nigerians. Personal Laptop Computer penetration is estimated at 1.9 for every
100 persons. As of 2006, there were 408 Internet Service Providers and an estimated 2 million Internet
subscribers (NTC 2006). In 2004, the International Data Corp. estimated that there were 11.8 million
Internet users in the Nigerians but this is expected to increase to 21.5 million users by this year.
However, in April a total of 32,513,261 Nigerians are accessing the Internet through
telecommunications networks, a report obtained by SUNDAY PUNCH on Friday has revealed. This
means that out of the estimated population of 45 million Nigerians that have access to the Internet,
72.25 per cent are dependent on telecommunications networks. This leaves a total of 12,486,739 users
or 27.75 per cent depending on other smaller Internet Service Providers that deploy various
technologies including Very Small Aperture Terminals. Statistics provided by the Nigerian
Communications Commission showed that as at February 28, 32,335,478 Internet subscribers depended
on Global System for Mobile Communications networks while 177,783 Internet users depended on
Code Division Multiple Access networks. Among GSM subscribers, MTN Nigeria Communications
Limited had the biggest proportion of Internet users 21,308,725 or 65.9 per cent of the total number
of Internet users that depend on GSM networks. The closest network was Airtel, with 5,870,670 or
18.16 per cent of the GSM Internet users. Etisalat had a total of 4,354,845 or 13.47 per cent while Glo
had 801,218 or 2.48 per cent. Among the CDMA operators, Visafone had 87,691 Internet users;
Starcomms had 63,198 users while Multi-Links had 26,894. The statistics also reflected the continued
dwindling fortunes of CDMA operators. While some of the GSM subscribers grew their Internet users
over a period of time, only Visafone grew the number of its Internet subscribers among CDMA
operators. As at June 30, 2012, Visafone had 82,029 subscribers; Starcomms had 110,438; while Multi-
19
Links had 47,517 Internet users. Airtel had 3.2 million Internet users and MTN had 16,135,672. Glo
had 1,014,166 while Etisalat had 5,031,019.
Several reasons account for the increasing dependence of Internet users in the country on mobile
telecommunications networks. One of the reasons is the near absence of fixed networks that carry data.
The entry of GSM networks into the Internet provision has also spelt declining fortunes for the
traditional ISPs. The entry cost for most of the original ISPs could only be afforded by the rich and
corporate organizations. For those service providers, Customer Premise Equipment now cost a
minimum of about N200, 000. They also charge a monthly subscription that can be about N300, 000 in
the minimum. Mostly, they serve corporate clients and cybercafé operators. On the other hand, the
entry cost for individual Internet subscribers that depend on mobile telecommunications networks can
be as low as N3, 000 for USB connectors that are just plugged to laptops and desktops, according to the
report. The increasing popularity of smartphones such as Blackberry, Androids and tablets also means
that Internet users do not necessarily need a Laptop Computer or any other equipment (apart from their
phones and subscription) to connect to the Internet. Despite the increasing penetration of Internet in the
country, rural dwellers are less privileged than their counterparts in urban communities. In both rural
and urban communities, however, Internet speed remains a major issue as many users are frustrated by
slow Internet speed. Many experts have therefore advocated a broadband policy and strategy that
would encourage broadband Internet rollout across the country. The International Telecommunications
Union recently reported that there were 2.75 billion Internet users in the world by the end of March.
On regional basis, there are 140 million users in Africa; 141 million users in Arab States; 1.27 billion in
Africa and the Pacific; Commonwealth of Independent States, 145m; Europe, 467 million users and the
Americas, 582 million users. Internet World Stats reports that the total Internet users present a gender
divide that is more evident in the less developed countries where more men use the Internet compared
to women. In the developed world, there are only two per cent fewer women than men using the
Internet. In the developing world, however, 16 per cent fewer women than men use the Internet
(SUNDAY PUNCH, 2015).
An industry research conducted by Pyramid research team has revealed that Nigeria's
telecommunications market will generate over $11 billion at the tail end of 2019. The projection also
unveiled that that the number of mobile subscribers in the country may hit 182 million by that date.
Underscoring the resilience of the sector, it stated: "political instability and low oil prices have led to a
depreciation of the naira against the dollar, but the telecommunications market will remain an integral
part of the country's efforts to diversify its sources of growth." The $11 billion figure represents a
jump of over $3 billion from what the sector generated in 2013, thereby sign-posting it as one of fastest
growing economic sectors in the continent. The disclosure was contained in the second quarter, April-
June publication of the Nigerian Communications Communication (NCC) industry review and
analyses. Below is a chart showing the current data subscriber volume in Nigeria as at April 2015
Total subsc
March, giv
stood at 74
14494704,
to hit 104,2
2.3
SOCI
Online soc
information
(Wikipedia
Nigerians,
over 58 mil
the Nigeria
multiply, a
gender, ho
testimonial
Facebook,
and physica
A study by
Facebook.
themselves
browsed th
they looke
testimonial
meet online
sites, where
and other
networking
interactive
Fi
criber data f
ving a mont
4,073,983 a
which is a
285,646 (He
IAL
NET
cial network
n and mana
a, 2006). Fa
is estimated
llion registe
ans with 39
and Facebo
ometown an
l, and brows
users are g
al appearanc
y Garcia (20
Unlike thei
s through in
hrough the p
ed at the te
ls as import
e via the In
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contents w
g sites like
media form
gure 1: Curre
for Internet
thly increas
and that of
20% increa
enry, 2015).
WORKS
ks present
ge impressi
acebook (w
d to be used
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9% of the s
ok. Facebo
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se through p
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014) found
ir female co
nteresting w
profiles whe
estimonials.
tant in form
nternet, com
erally social
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e Facebook
mat that all
ent data subs
users as at A
e of 3,589,6
f April 201
ase. If this ra
a new and
ions. It is a
www.Facebo
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ook users wo
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profiles of th
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that only h
ounterparts,
write-ups an
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All user g
ing impress
mmunicate in
lize by shari
people. Com
k, Twitter,
lows users
20
scriber volum
April 2015
610 or 4%
4 was 72,4
ate is sustain
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ook.com), th
5 million N
orldwide. Th
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pload photo
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information
groups con
sions of othe
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mmon exam
MySpace,
to interact
me in Nigeria
was 86,904
over March
410,001, gi
ned for 201
environmen
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he most pop
Nigerian "Fa
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identities o
users reveal
male users t
The study
n about othe
nsidered pho
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YouTube,
with each
a as of April 2
4,705 as com
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cation that h
pular social
acebook" as
percentage o
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vide person
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otos contain
Media are m
cebook, Twi
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ocial media
Flicker, et
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2015
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otal for Nov
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More than a
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5,315,094 fo
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cia 2014). O
f social statu
ormation ov
able image o
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profiles an
allow users t
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pond to issue
opular soci
Media is a
d and receiv
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ve
21
content from and to each other generally by means of the Internet. Social media are technologies that
facilitate social interaction, make possible collaboration, and enable deliberation by stakeholders across
boundaries, time and space. These technologies include: blogs, wikis, media (audio, photo, video, text)
sharing tools, networking platforms (including Facebook), and virtual worlds (Bryer, 2011). The rise of
social media sites as another platform on the internet has gained popularity over the last decade. The
sites have attracted millions of users worldwide (Boyd, 2007) due to this fact many people are
changing the outlets where they search for news, information, business and entertainment. These social
media sites let those who use them create personal profiles, while connecting with other users of the
sites. Users can upload photographs and post what they are doing at any given time. (Pempek, 2008).
The social media by their nature have the capabilities of educating, informing, entertaining and
inflaming the audience.
Above all, they possess a contagious and outreaching influence which the conventional media lack.
This potential is most likely what Osahenye (2012) refers to as "unstoppable power of the social media.
Abubakar, (2011), posits that social media, which include blogs (political Blog), networks (Facebook,
Twitter, etc.), video sharing (YouTube) audio sharing (Podcast), mobile sites (2go etc.), image or
picture sharing (flicker), etc. have the capacity of boosting participation because of their open,
conversational nature, connectedness and textual and audio-visual characteristic appeals. In a study
conducted on Social Network Addiction among Youths in Nigeria, Ajewole et al, (2012), concluded
that majority of the respondents spend more time on social networking sites, which affects their
productivity negatively. The findings of this study also indicate that youths in Nigeria are spending too
much time on social networking sites at the detriment of other necessary things such as their studies. A
study conducted in 2013 to find out students' use of social media revealed that students view social
media for the purposes of leisurely entertainment, to watch films, to expose themselves to
phonography, discuss serious national issues like politics, economy, and religious matters on the new
media. (Ezeah et al, 2013). Nigeria, a country with population of 167 million people (Census, 2006),
115 million mobile telephone subscribers and 56 million internet users, has been described as the
biggest internet and mobile market (NCC, 2013). Today in Nigeria there are over 1000 social media
networking sites, which include social, educational, entertainment and gossip, etc. One common feature
of most of these sites is that their names are usually associated with a tag name Naijaor Nigeria. The
mass appeal of social media on the internet could be a cause for concern, particularly considering the
gradually increasing amount of time youths spend online. In Nigeria, undergraduates spend more time
on Facebook, Twitter and (International, 2014) other social media sites through smartphones that are
now in abundance among them and most of them cannot go for two-three hours without checking and
updating their profiles on these social networks even at the detriment of other activities such as
educational and career pursuit. (Idankwo, 2011) The numerous problems of social media usage have
recently been the major focus of attention worldwide. Issues of fraud,identity thefts, pornography and
countless other negative influences associated with social networking in general have been a cause of
concern for scholars and authorities worldwide. There are increasing concerns on the use of social
media for Internet crimes ranging from hacking to recruitment for terrorism. The social media has
accordingly come to be seen in many countries including Nigeria as a source of bad influence on the
youth, particularly students. Polytechnic Students are not immune to these problems.
22
Telecommunications and Economic Development: Challenges and Opportunities
Telecommunications are a key infrastructure of economic and social development for the second half
of the 21
st
century. They provide, as facilitator, an enabling condition for carrying on the dominant
pursuits of the modern day, namely, of the Information Age. Two types of information business can be
identified: the first is associated information, such as derives from the need to transact businesses
related to the primary and secondary occupations of extracting (agriculture and mining) and
manufacturing. The second is a commodity that is based on information and knowledge.
During the first 50 or so years of the telephone, it was devoted to serving the needs of the traditional
economic (and social) sectors, for moving goods from source to consumer. The objective of
development in switched or two-way telecommunications was almost entirely the universal penetration
of the Plain Old Telephone (POT). The telephone was invaluable for carrying out voice communication
over short and long distances. In this circumstance, it was not the agricultural and mining sectors of the
economy that called for the most use of the POT but, rather, the manufacturing, distributive and
management subsectors. Where manufacturing is weak, however, as with rural communities and most
third-world nations, the penetration of the ordinary voice telephone was expectedly low. It is clear that
the African countries are grossly underwired and their telecommunications facilities quite clearly
underdeveloped. An analysis, showing the correlation between national GDP and telephone density
revealed the link between economic affluence and the penetration of telecommunications. It is only of
academic interest as claimed by Maduka whether it is affluence that came before the telephone or it is
the telephone that created the affluence. By treating telecommunications as an infrastructure, the notion
is that wealth and affluence can thereby be enhanced, but a quick evaluation of the cost of the
telephone line shows that it probably requires an affluent economy to pay for the minimum UN
recommended telephone density, of one line per 100 inhabitants. Today, the Nigerian statistic is about
0.66 lines per 100 inhabitants. A combination of the latest census figure and the drastic devaluation of
the Nigerian currency (Naira) value is naturally of considerable interest and interpretation to different
professionals and scholars.
In the Information Society, information is also a stand-alone commodity, not merely associated with
primary or industrial production, but essentially with services, including communication itself. The
range of these services includes messengering, broadcasting, advertising, news services, databases,
financial and several other professional services. The Laptop Computer falls in the centre of this
rapidly developing information business and the countries which have attained this tertiary or
information stage of occupation have large telephone densities. At this point in time, it would be
difficult to try to identify a threshold for this stage to be attained. Workers in this stage are finding the
POT rather inadequate for the high demands which they now place on telecommunications. They need
to be freed from the short cable or leash on the telephone instrument, hence the cordless phone; they
have to be reached anywhere (mobile), they manage their time critically (voice/electronic mail) and the
need to access large masses of data at high speed, for decision-making in the highly competitive world
of modern global business
23
Even though there is high usage of Social Media by the students, it did not reflect that they are using it
for academic pursuit. Facebook and whatsapps have emerged as the most popular and widely used
social media amongst students. The study concludes that the students believed that social media is an
essential medium that help them to interact, communicate and expose themselves to pornography. The
study concludes that this is a dangerous trend as it negatively influenced them to engage in bad attitude.
On frequency, although the study realizes high frequency of usage, there is another danger in hours
they spent surfing the net which will definitely affect their academic output. However, the facts
remains that Social Media is an indispensable internet platform among students of Kaduna Polytechnic,
Nigeria. The study recommends that students should be encouraged to use Social Media in ways that
could be beneficial to them.
24
CHAPTER THREE
METHOD AND RESEARCH DESIGN
The study utilized the descriptive research design, specifically using the one-shot survey technique.
3.1
S
U R V E Y
A
R E A S
The four areas were identified within south-west Nigeria.The Polytechnics research sites consisted of
one institution in each State of Lagos, Oyo, Ogun and Osun.
The study was conducted in the following areas:
1. Lagos State : Lagos State Polytechnic (LASPOTECH)
2. Oyo State : The Polytechnic Ibadan (IBAPOLY)
3. Ogun State : The Gateway Polytechnic Saapade (SAAPADE)
4. Osun State : Osun State Polytechnic, Iree (OSPOLY)
3.2
S
A M P L I N G
F
R A M E O R
S
A M P L I N G
D
E S I G N
The respondents of the study are Polytechnic students that can independently answer the questionnaire.
In particular, subjects of the study are students aged 17-35 years old. There were 321 total respondents
for the study.
For Lagos State Polytechnic (LASPOTECH), data were obtained from 80 students
ND 1 : 22 students
ND 2 : 19 students
HND 1 : 18 students
HND 2 : 21 students
For The Polytechnic Ibadan (IBAPOLY), data were obtained from 70 students
ND 1 : 15 students
ND 2 : 20 students
HND 1 : 20 students
HND 2 : 15 students
For The Gateway Polytechnic Saapade, data were obtained from 90 students
ND 1 : 20 students
ND 2 : 30 students
HND 1 : 20 students
HND 2 : 10 students
25
For The Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, data were obtained from 81 students
ND 1 : 20 students
ND 2 : 22 students
HND 1 : 16 students
HND 2 : 23 students
3.3
D
A T A
C
O L L E C T I O N
I
N S T R U M E N T
Two sets of structured questionnaire consisting of closed-ended and open-ended questions were
prepared to obtain the needed information. The language used is English. The questionnaires were pre-
tested among 10 students to test their understandability and workability. A copy of the questionnaires is
appended A.
Data Collection Period
Fieldwork was conducted on the following dates:
LASPOTECH: March to April 2015
IBAPOLY:
January to March
SAAPADE:
January to May 2015
OSPOLY:
February to April 2015
3.4
MAJOR
CONSTRAINTS
/LIMITATIONS
OF
THE
RESEARCH
A total of four hundred and twenty-two questionnaires were distributed to undergraduates of
LASPOTECH, IBAPOLY, SAAPADE, and OSPOLY using a stratified random sampling technique to
select the respondents. Three hundred and twenty one questionnaires were returned. The sample
therefore consisted of 321 (180 males and 141 females) undergraduates drawn from different
departments - Mass Communication, Business Administration, Electrical/Electronic Engineering,
Laptop Computer Engineering, Mathematics and Statistics, Science Laboratory Technology and
Welding and Fabrication among the sampled Nigerian Polytechnic. The respondents were all in their
late adolescent and early adulthood period with age ranges from 17 to 35 years. The participants also
varied in their year of study, which ranged from ND1 to HND 2.
All the respondents received and completed the instrument, which consisted of a 7 items questionnaire.
The instrument was divided into two sections. Section 1 addressed the Internet access while the second
section focused on the use of Internet facilities for social networking.
4.1
INTE
Incidence o
LASPOTEC
(49%). Ire
opportuniti
Total Res
Use the
Source: Fi
ERNET
A
of Internet U
C area (89%
e Poly has
es.
spondents
Internet
ield survey,
R
CCESS
Usage, Table
%) and SAA
s least acce
TOTAL
321
259
2016
CHA
RESULTS
e 1, Internet
APADE (87%
ess to soci
Table 1: In
SAAPA
(%)
90
28
76
Figure 2: In
26
APTER F
S AND DI
t usage was
%), Figure 2
ial services
ncidence of In
ADE
)
ncidence of In
FOUR
ISCUSSIO
74 percent
2. The lowe
s, infrastruc
nternet Usage
S U R V E Y
IBADAN
(%)
70
22
80
nternet Usag
ON
for all four
est incidence
cture and f
e
Y A R E
LASPOT
(%)
80
25
89
ge
areas, high
e of usage i
facilities, an
E A
TECH
)
IR
her in both th
s in Iree Po
nd econom
REE POLY
(%)
81
25
79
he
ly
mic
Y
27
In SAAPADE, 76 percent of respondents have frequent access while 24 percent have less or weak tie to
Internet access. Data was gathered from 90 respondents aged between 17 and 35 across several
departments.
4.1.1 Profile of Weak-Users
Figure 3 shown majority of the weak-user of Internet are female, between 17 to 24 years old, are in
grades four to six (52%) and studying in the public schools (66%). The findings that most weak-user is
from public elementary schools and females validate the existence of digital divide. While the
Department of Education has a program which provides Laptop Computer packages to public high
schools, this is not available to public elementary schools. Since access to Internet is mostly through
Internet cafes, it is possible that girl Polytechnic students may find it less accessible or even secure to
go to public Internet cafes than boy Polytechnic students, see Table 2.
Table 2: Report of weak-user
S U R V E Y A R E A
TOTAL
SAAPADE
(%)
IBADAN
(%)
LASPOTECH
(%)
IREE POLY
(%)
Total Number
Answering
62
22
24
9
7
Gender
Male
57
55
52
60
60
Female
43
45
48
40
42
Age Group
17-20
49
73
49
57
39
20-30
29
23
33
21
33
30-35
22
4
19
-3
22
Year Level
ND 1
31
43
27
20
32
ND 2
33
57
37
20
29
HND 1
15
1
17
1
19
HND 2
21
1
29
60
20
Source: Field survey, 2016
4.1.2 Reaso
Reasons fo
home/schoo
be due to e
weak-user
concern sin
is to a grea
elementary
multiple re
ons for Not
for not usin
ol (61%) an
economic re
are public s
nce "compe
at extent de
y schools co
sponses.
t Using the
ng the Inte
nd Laptop C
easons as w
school stude
titiveness"
pendent on
ompared w
Figure 3
Internet
ernet cente
Computer il
well as pare
ents. The hig
and "surviv
digital liter
with private
28
3: Internet W
ered mainly
lliteracy (51
nts' low ed
gh level of L
val" of Polyt
racy. Laptop
schools. T
Weak-users
y on the a
1%). Lack o
ducational b
Laptop Com
technic stud
p Computer
Totals in Ta
absence of
of Internet c
background,
mputer illite
dents in tod
r classes are
able 3 exce
Internet c
connection
since 83 p
racy should
day's Knowl
e not availa
eed 100 pe
onnection
at home ma
percent of th
d be a priorit
ledge Societ
able in publ
ercent due t
at
ay
he
ty
ty
lic
to
29
Table 3: Basis for No / Weak Internet Access
S U R V E Y A R E A
TOTAL
SAAPADE
(%)
IBADAN
(%)
LASPOTECH
(%)
IREE POLY
(%)
Total Number Answering
62
22
24
9
7
No or weak Internet
connection at
home/school
58
73
70
50
46
I don't know how to use
the Laptop Computers
51
65
39
78
48
I have no time
29
74
30
50
8
I cannot afford Internet
café fees
26
44
34
11
1
Limited number of
Laptop Computer
w/Internet connection in
big schools
17
48
5
2
11
Source: Field survey, 2016
4.1.3 Profile of Internet Users
Among the 259 Internet users, Table 4 and Figure 4, there was an equal split of 50 percent each of the
male and female. Most of them (45%) are 17-20 years old. Majority are high school students (61%)
enrolled in private schools (54%). The data indicate a comparative advantage for polytechnic students
enrolled in private schools as they are likely to have Laptop Computer competencies and have access to
the Internet. Considering that Laptop Computer skills can be a "gateway" to other competencies, the
government should endeavor to give public school Polytechnic students equal opportunities.
30
Table 4: Report of Internet Strong-Users
S U R V E Y A R E A
TOTAL
SAAPADE
(%)
IBADAN
(%)
LASPOTECH
(%)
IREE POLY
(%)
Total Number Answering
259
68
56
71
64
Gender
Male
55
53
56
56
46
Female
45
46
44
45
54
Age Group
17-20
41
44
41
42
30
21-30
45
44
46
45
47
31-35
14
12
13
13
23
Year Level
ND 1
14
15
13
16
11
ND 2
14
14
11
14
16
HND 1
17
17
19
14
20
HND 2
16
15
17
16
16
Source: Field survey, 2016
4.1.4 Place
Most (54%
their Intern
respondent
Table 5. I
phone; the
e Where Int
%) of the res
net connectio
ts access the
It is interest
highest inci
ternet Is Ac
spondents ac
ons in their
e Internet in
ting to note
idence is in
Figure 4
ccessed
ccessed (Ta
homes thro
n their home
that some
SAAPADE
31
4: Internet Str
able 5) the In
ough MODE
es. The Inte
14 percent
E and LASP
rong-users
nternet at H
EM. SAAPA
ernet access
of respond
OTEC, Figu
Home. Majo
ADE (61%)
of Ibadan a
dents access
ure 5.
ority of resp
) and LASPO
and Iree Pol
Internet us
ondents hav
OTEC (58%
ly is low, se
sing a mobi
ve
%)
ee
ile
32
Table 5: Place Where Internet is Accessed
S U R V E Y A R E A
TOTAL
SAAPADE
(%)
IBADAN
(%)
LASPOTECH
(%)
IREE POLY
(%)
All Respondents
259
68
56
71
64
Internet café
5
3
2
2
4
Home
54
61
52
58
67
School
32
44
8
36
1
House of
relatives/friends
31
38
14
36
9
Anywhere using a
mobile phone
14
17
1
17
1
Parents' office
13
19
4
11
5
Hotspot/WiFi zone
9
13
1
7
5
Public library
5
7
1
6
2
Source: Field survey, 2016
33
Figure 5: Places Where Internet is accessed
The study revealed that more people access the web at home (47%) than from an Internet café,
followed by at work place. The fact that many students own their Laptop Computers enables them to
access the Internet anytime, anywhere. About two out of five (38%) respondents have one Laptop
Computer in their homes. A significant proportion (42%) has no Laptop Computers in their homes,
with Iree Poly respondents reporting the highest percentage (63%) of zero Laptop Computer. This
could be due to economic reasons. A few (6%) reported having three Laptop Computers in their homes
could mean that they have the economic means, and possibly with many Polytechnic students being
provided with one Laptop Computer each. Availability of Laptop Computers at home does not
necessarily mean ownership. It is possible that these Laptop Computers are owned by offices of parents
and elder siblings who bring home Laptop Computers to do work-related activities at home
4.1.5 Type of Internet Connection Used at Home
Seven out of ten (70% as shown in Figure 6 for Table 6) respondents are using the broadband and WIFI
(23%) internet connections in their homes. This is not surprising since the broadband companies invest
heavily on TV advertisement, hence its popularity among the respondents. Broadband is becoming
more affordable due to the growing competition among telecommunication service providers like
PLDT, Smart, Globe, Bayantel and Sun Cellular. Broadband connectivity can now be availed for use.
34
Table 6: Type of Internet Connection Used at Home
S U R V E Y A R E A
TOTAL
SAAPADE
(%)
IBADAN
(%)
LASPOTECH
(%)
IREE
POLY
(%)
Total Number Answering
215
50
55
52
58
Broadband
70
74
65
67
63
WiFi
19
25
7
15
13
Dial-up access
2
1
18
1
1
Source: Field survey, 2016
Figure 6: Type of Internet Connection Used at Home
This survey reveals a shift toward broadband away from dial-up as connection to the Internet from
home. Wired broadband/hi-speed showed a tremendous increase.
4.1.6 Purposes of Using the Internet
Most of the respondents use the Internet for communication, particularly for sending/receiving e-mail
messages (89%), connecting with friends (88%) and participating in e-groups and networks (88%). The
low usage of the Internet for news and information confirms the findings of past studies that
Polytechnic students are not generally interested in news, see Table 7 and Figure 7.
Following communication is school work (83%). Students use the Internet to search for answers to
their assignments. Some private schools even give their students online quizzes, thus requiring their
students to use the Internet. Entertainment marked third with online gaming (77%), and downloading/
uploading audio (72%) obtaining highest mention. Usage of the Internet for e-commerce is very low
since the study respondents are polytechnic students.
35
Findings
Among Internet-related activities, staying in touch via email and instant messaging is paramount as 69
percent of respondents access the Internet for these two communication activities.
Table 7: Intention of Using the Internet
S U R V E Y A R E A
TOTAL
SAAPADE
(%)
IBADAN
(%)
LASPOTECH
(%)
IREE POLY
(%)
Total Respondents
300
86
80
87
47
Education and Information
School work
83
79
84
94
83
Non-school related
needs
48
43
72
50
53
News and information
39
45
20
49
20
Current events
30
30
24
43
1
Communication
Sending/receiving e-
mail messages
87
88
84
78
90
Connecting with
friends
86
94
61
74
75
Participating in e-
groups and networks
88
92
76
89
89
Connecting with
relatives
67
74
51
69
55
Sending/receiving
messages
60
70
48
65
27
E-Commerce
Buying products
and services
26
9
5
2
10
Selling
(advertising) products
and services
5
5
2
4
3
36
Entertainment
Online gaming
77
75
91
85
67
Downloading/
uploading images
70
82
8
85
67
Downloading/
uploading video
67
75
63
61
50
Listening to pod casts
30
40
6
38
5
Source: Field survey, 2016
The top fiv
Yahoo/Yah
4.2
SOCI
Social Netw
with existin
similar inte
have one,
membershi
indicated th
ve websites,
hoo Mail (48
IAL
NET
work Social
ng and new
erests and a
you're an o
ip in online
he lowest (7
F
, Table 9, m
8%), YouTu
WORKIN
l networkin
friends. So
good techn
outcast" see
e social net
76%) inciden
Figure 7: Int
most often vi
ube (26 %) a
NG
g sites prov
cial network
ique for peo
ems to appl
tworks was
nce of mem
37
ention of Usi
isited by res
and Wikipe
vide a place
king is a for
ople to prom
ly also in s
s reported b
mbership.
ing the Intern
spondents a
dia (23%).
for Polytec
rm of entert
mote their bu
social netwo
by respond
net
are Faceboo
chnic studen
tainment, a w
usiness. The
orking. A h
dents, Table
ok (65%), G
nts to get to
way to mee
e culture of
high inciden
e 8. Ibadan
Google (60%
gether onlin
et people wi
"if you don
nce (88%) o
n responden
%),
ne
th
n't
of
nts
38
Table 8: Incidence of Membership in Online Social Network
S U R V E Y A R E A
TOTAL
SAAPADE
(%)
IBADAN
(%)
LASPOTECH
(%)
IREE POLY
(%)
Respondents
203
65
55
60
23
Member of an
online
83
83
73
85
86
Not a
member of a
social network
15
15
27
17
18
Source: Field survey, 2016
4.2.1 Social Network Sites Hosting Respondents' Account
Facebook obtained the highest (96%) usage as the social network site hosting respondents' account.
LASPOTEC reported the highest (98%) usage and SAAPADE (91%) the lowest usage. Facebook have
more subscribers because it is user-friendly and was also the first SNS introduced in the country.
Facebook is more difficult to use. `Multiply' can be used for shopping online. The October-November
2008 Yahoo-Nielsen Net Index reported that Facebook is the number one social networking site used
by 92 percent of those in the Net Index poll. Meanwhile, `Multiply' president and founder Peter
Pezaris acknowledged that Nigerians are among the heavy SNS users. According to Pezaris, Nigerian
users of their site comprised the largest and most active group in terms of number of subscribers and
photographs being uploaded daily. About 2.2 million out of more than nine million registered users of
`Multiply' are Nigerians (Source: abs-cbnNEWS.com, June 2008).
Table 9: Social Network Sites Hosting Respondents' Account
S U R V E Y A R E A
TOTAL
SAAPADE
(%)
IBADAN
(%)
LASPOTECH
(%)
IREE POLY
(%)
Number Answering
204
95
31
45
33
WhatsApp
15
34
12
10
5
Facebook
19
27
19
20
10
Twitter
11
16
7
10
9
Net Log
2
3
1
2
1
Source: Field survey, 2016
39
How Respondents Participate in Social Network Most respondents participates in an online social
network mainly to visit their accounts (85%) and to maintain/update their own profiles (64%, see Table
9). This is logical since the Polytechnic students are at an age when they are egoistic and love to see
and talk about themselves. Viewing other profiles is highest in the LASPOTEC and lowest in
SAAPADE and Ibadan.
Many studies have shown that the main reason why people participate in a social network is to be a part
of a group where they can share experiences and to fulfill the need for recognition. This finding is
substantiated by the present study, as shown in Table 10.
Table 10: Ways of Participating in a Social Network
S U R V E Y A R E A
TOTAL
SAAPADE
(%)
IBADAN
(%)
LASPOTECH
(%)
IREE POLY
(%)
Number Answering
210
99
48
36
27
Visit own account
85
77
89
92
75
Maintain/update own
profile
64
61
54
92
49
Invite/refer friends
60
54
53
81
52
View other
profiles/accounts
58
41
42
92
55
Post announcements
46
64
19
32
14
Add comments/
testimonials to someone's page
on an SMS
39
32
30
71
29
Use/forward
applications
32
40
23
35
5
Join interest
groups/campaigns
29
35
8
36
12
Source: Field survey, 2016
4.2.2 How Often Respondents Make Comment on the Sites of Friends'/Networks
Again, consistent with their responses as in Table 11 and Figure 8, mostly (42%) respondents comment
on the site of friends' network two to three times a week. One fifth (20%) of respondents commented
on the site of their friends daily. The people were motivated as shown in Table 12 and Figure 9.
40
Table 11: How Often Respondents Make Comment on the Sites of Friends'/Networks
S U R V E Y A R E A
TOTAL
SAAPADE
(%)
IBADAN
(%)
LASPOTECH
(%)
IREE POLY
(%)
Total Number Answering
310
90
67
80
73
Everyday
45
46
42
50
48
Two to three times a week
18
14
20
22
18
Once a week
19
20
26
22
17
Three times a month
5
7
4
4
3
Once a month
8
7
10
5
12
Less frequently than once a
month
1
1
2
2
3
Source: Field survey, 2016
Figure 8: How Often Respondents Make Comment on the Sites of Friends'/Networks
Tot
To
To p
To pu
Source: Fi
4.3
INFO
Information
telecommu
networks, t
friends, col
they share
T
tal Number
To meet
To keep in
relat
o search for
post my pict
ublish my p
ield survey,
F
ORMATIO
n technolog
unication eq
television an
lleagues and
common in
Table 12: Mo
r Answerin
t new peopl
n touch with
tives/friend
r old friend
tures/video
profile/blog
2016
Figure 9: Mo
ON
TECH
gy, also com
quipment to
nd telephon
d other pers
nterests usi
otivations fo
TOTAL
g
292
le
78
h
ds
78
ds
70
os
34
gs
43
otivations for
HNOLOG
mmonly re
o store, ret
nes are invol
onal contac
ing the Inte
41
r Participatin
SAAPAD
(%)
95
77
88
78
26
44
r Participatin
GY
AND
S
ferred to a
trieve, trans
lved in I.T.
cts, e.g. Face
ernet. The a
ng in Online
S U R
DE IBADA
(%)
55
75
79
57
67
53
ng in Online S
OCIAL
N
as I.T., is th
smit and m
social netw
ebook, Twit
above relate
Social Netw
R V E Y A
AN LASPO
(%
7
8
8
7
5
6
Social Netwo
NETWOR
he usage o
manipulate
works is an o
tter, 2go, Yo
ed tools hav
ork
A R E A
OTECH
%)
IR
77
88
80
79
50
64
ork
RKS
f laptop co
data. Lapto
online meeti
ouTube, gog
ve combine
REE POLY
(%)
65
87
54
72
43
52
omputers an
op Comput
ing points fo
ggle plus et
ed to remov
Y
nd
ter
for
tc.
ve
42
borders around the world and turned our earth to a global village. The opportunities presented by these
platforms are so many. This work intends to present both sides of the coin and how a youth can take
advantages of I.T. and social networks without abusing them.
4.3.1 The Potentials and Possibilities of Information Technology (I.T) and Social Networks
Some of the potentials and possibilities of information technology (I.T) and social networks are as
follows:
i. Online application, registration and examination
ii. Distance Learning ; e.g. online study programmes
iii. Online Research
iv. Collaboration. i.e. working with other people in distant places
v. Communications e.g. e-mail, internet voice calling such as Skype and Window messenger
vi. E-Banking , Money Transfer
vii. E-Commerce
viii. Information such as scholarship opportunities, about foreign institutions, and every other
relevant knowledge.
ix. Free downloads, e.g. text- books, learning resources, e-books, etc.
x. Learning recipes, i.e. step by step teaching on whatever you may want to learn ( such as
"how it works").
4.3.2 The Perversions and Abuse in the Use of Information Technology (I.T) and Social Networks
Several abuse and misuse of these platforms lead to regrettable dangers. These include: Copyright
breaches of other people's works, illegal downloads, spying on others, sending unsolicited mails,
hacking or accessing other people's database without permission, terrible cases of pornography and
cyber bullying. Other misuses include false information to lure people to locations and rob, kidnap rape
or murder them; giving out confidential information or explicit photos that can lead to embarrassment
later. Phishing or criminal access to another person's details while pretending to be a trusted friend. -
gaining access to bad information or learning evil habits., installations of cookies, spyware or viruses
that monitor and destroy others' hardware and or software.
4.3.3 Positive and Proper Use of Information Technology (I.T) and Social Networks
i. Do not publish identifying information about yourself like phone number, pictures and address
of your home, birthdays and bank information in untrusted sites.
ii. Pick a username that may not include your full identity.
iii. Set up a separate e-mail to register and receive information from social sites.
iv. Use very strong password. A strong password is a combination of letters and numbers which are
not less than twelve characters. Deliberately change your password at least every three months.
v. Keep your profiles closed and open to only a trusted few.
43
vi. Think before you publish; remember whatever has gone online remains there. Don't post what
you may regret.
vii. Be on the guard against phishing scams. If it is too good it may end up not being true
The internet put the world at your feet. It is a stepping stone to endless opportunities when properly
utilized. Also, it is oceans that drown when abused. Right choice is needed to be made.
4.3.4 Applications and Implication of Social Networking for National Economic Growth
It has: wide geographical area coverage
`'Ability to provide instant infrastructure once satellites are launched
Provide solutions in remote areas with no or poor terrestrial network infrastructure
Broadcasting to unlimited number of users within satellite coverage
Continuous technological advancements resulting in reduction of end- user
Terminal dimensions/cost, and service charges
Wide range of communications services
Global networks
Satellite transmission costs do not vary with distance
Low-cost alternative for point-to-multipoint transmissions
Coverage of rural and remote locations
Portability (and/or mobility) of end-user terminals
Expandability (flexible network expansion) / Easy network reconfiguration, Upgradability
High reliability/availability
High speed transmission & High throughput for several types of SATCOM networking
Provide communications solutions in emergency/disaster cases (fly-away terminals)
Private networking solutions, adapted to customer needs, independent of public organizations
Small-size compact end-user terminals (technology evolution)
Interworking with public terrestrial networks,'' (Space, 1997).
44
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND FURTHER WORK
There should be regulatory frame work to curb abuse of social networking; and with appropriate
awareness among people for effective enforcement. Nigerian Polytechnic students are Laptop
Computer literate as almost three-fourths (84%) have access to the Internet. But Polytechnic students in
LASPOTEC and SAAPADE have greater access to Internet connectivity than their counterparts and
Iree Poly as approximately 7 out of 10 polytechnic students in these areas are Internet users.
Internet access is lowest among polytechnic students from Ibadan (58%) and Iree Poly (47%)
particularly among the poorest regions and provinces. These areas also have least access to basic social
services resulting in below national standard in terms of social development indicators. The percentage
of households of polytechnic students interviewed without a Laptop Computer in SAAPADE, Ibadan
and LASPOTEC is almost the same from 23 percent to 28 percent. But the percentage is almost
double in Iree Poly. The growing accessibility of broadband (70%) can be attributed to declining cost
of broadband connection. Polytechnic students use the Internet for communication purposes
specifically for sending/receiving emails, connecting with friends, and participating in e-groups and
networks. Yahoo is the most frequently used email account. The top website often visited is the
Facebook while Google and Yahoo are the most frequently used for web search because they are the
first and older search engines. Internet is recognized as potent education tool especially among
Polytechnic students. They do recognize the educational value of the Internet as reflected in their use of
Internet for school work.
Polytechnic students are becoming more "independent" in terms of their content needs as uploading
and downloading are popular activities although the latter enjoys slight advantage. Among online
polytechnic students, the incidence of uploading images and music is 72 percent and 68 percent,
respectively compared with downloading at 78 percent and 69 percent. In addition to being techno-
literate, many uploading/downloading sites are very user-friendly even for young Polytechnic students.
Greater capability to upload and download materials enhances self-expression and creativity, enables
them to link with others who share the same interests and therefore widens opportunities for sharing
and networking.
Facebook is the most frequently used site for uploading music and images while YouTube is the choice
for videos. On the other hand, YouTube is the favorite sites for downloading music; Facebook, Google
and Yahoo for images. Maintaining one's social networking site and visiting others' social network
sites are emerging as the prominent online activity of Nigerian polytechnic students. Almost 9 of 10
respondents who connect to the Net are members of Facebook. The reasons cited by the respondents
why they participate in online social networking are "to meet new people," "to keep in touch with
relatives/friends," and "to search for old friends." Social networking site membership is highest in
SAAPADE recorded at 88 percent. More males than females visit their accounts they seem to be
excited in keeping track of how many new "friends" are added to their account. Facebook is most
popular because it was the pioneer in social networking and is very user-friendly. The percentage of
Facebook users in SAAPADE is lower compared to the other survey areas. Lately, some are migrating
45
to other networks. But as polytechnic students grow old, there are more male than female playing
online. Email may be seen as too formal compared to social networking site messaging (texting).
Respondents interviewed said they use it only for school-related, employment or scholarship
opportunities activities. The high percentage of Polytechnic students into emailing, social networking,
online gaming, and uploading/downloading among Nigerian polytechnic students seem to indicate that
Laptop Computer use is more of a social activity than a solitary activity.
Future Work
This study can serve as baseline for future related studies necessary to track changes (improvements) in
Internet access and utilization by Polytechnic students. The results of this study have raised many
issues (questions) as we look for explanations on some observed attitudes and behaviors vis a vis
Internet use or practices. These issues can be the focus on follow-up research by academic and research
institutions.
The Nigerian Research Associations should encourage member-institutions to include research on new
media access, utilization and effects/impact in their research. A more in-depth and multi-disciplinary
research on socio-cultural impact of new media applications on Polytechnic students and youth is
recommended. Areas for research may include impact of Internet on cognitive, behavioral, social and
physical aspects of Polytechnic students' development including impact of the Internet in school
performance, impact of online media socialization (participation in social networks) to communication
behavior and social skills. Another research area is effects/impact of interactive digital advertising and
marketing directed at Polytechnic students which is becoming more pervasive with the advent of e-
commerce especially as Polytechnic students can be more susceptible or vulnerable to persuasive
messages. Motivations and constraints (including guidelines) imposed by adults determine whether
Internet use will enable Polytechnic students reap the benefits of technology or become victims of
undesirable behaviors and practices. There is also greater realization among social scientists for more
multi-disciplinary (and in some cases trans-disciplinary) inquiry into the relationship of new media and
Polytechnic students holistic development. Scholars are challenged to think beyond disciplinary
theories and traditional research methods to develop innovative and fresh approaches to the study of
Polytechnic students and digital media. Long-term tracking impact studies are long overdue.
46
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Anchor Academic Publishing
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Details
- Pages
- Type of Edition
- Erstausgabe
- Publication Year
- 2017
- ISBN (PDF)
- 9783960676157
- File size
- 3.1 MB
- Language
- English
- Publication date
- 2017 (January)
- Keywords
- Polytechnic Social Network Nigeria Electronic Engineering Telecommunication system Social Media Internet usage Internet access
- Product Safety
- Anchor Academic Publishing
